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God's Land Grant to the Jewish People - Conditional or Unconditional? By Thomas Williamson: Keep reading >>>>>
Nationalism versus Common Cause
Ashley Heacock
The George Washington University,
2010
Economics and International Affairs
Concentrations in the Middle East and
International Economics
Thesis
Advisor: Dr. Paul Hoyt-O’Connor
Source: https://www.academia.edu
Free Books:
Arab unity is by no means a new
idea, and strides towards greater cooperation have taken place throughout the
history of the modern Middle East. From Pan Arabism, to Nasserism, to Islamism,
no recent decade has ever gone without its own widespread notion of a single,
collective community existing in the Middle East. After years of dialogue
supporting the concept of Arab unity, however, what do Arab states have to show
for it? The emergency Arab summit hosted by Qatar in March of 2009 after the
Israeli siege on Gaza—which killed approximately 1,300 Palestinians, including
more than 500 women and children1—displayed Arab disunity,
disagreement, and disillusionment at their best. New alliances formed, with
Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) on one
side and Qatar, Syria, and Hamas on the other.2 Rather than joining
together for a common cause that seemed so straightforward and nondivisive, the
Arab states underscored their fluctuating rivalries and longstanding
disagreements.
Ottomon Empire
Meanwhile, the region faces numerous challenges:
Palestinians remain hostage to a repressive occupation, the state of Iraq sits
somewhere between a police state and civil war, water shortages face many
countries of the Middle East, a military—and possibly nuclear— standoff exists
between Israel and Iran, economic hardship pervades much of the region while
populations grow at alarming rates, and Islamic extremism threatens the entire
region as well as the whole world. These foreboding factors have the ability to
cause immense strife and conflict in the region if not confronted using all the
resources and ingenuity of the collective Arab states. Moreover, if Arab states
use these complex issues to place blame and acquire power rather than assist
weaker neighbors and develop the region, hardship and violence may well
prevail.
If history is to be our guide, what can countries of
the Middle East learn from past crises to help them in the future? What causes
Arab states to unite or disunite, and has “Arab unity” ever existed? If a
collective will is necessary to solve the problems of the future, what does the
past foretell: a grim or hopeful picture?
In order to answer these questions, I will attempt
to understand how relationships between Arab states came to be and what forces
impacted their actions and beliefs. I will look at three significant events in
recent Middle East history and analyze why Arab unity failed or triumphed, then
compare the three events and determine what factors had the greatest influence
on Arab relations and actions. The countries I will analyze are: Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Syria because they have made up the core
Arab countries in the past century. There is no guideline for what makes up the
entire Arab nation, and it has varied across time, therefore, by limiting this
paper to the six primary countries mentioned, the analysis should not be
greatly distorted.
The events I will discuss are: the 1948 Arab-Israeli
War, the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and Oil Embargo, and the 1991 Gulf War. I chose
these three occurrences since they all took place on an international level and
are not specific to any country. They also are spread out over time, allowing
me the opportunity to track changes in notions of Arab unity. Furthermore, they
are all unique in different ways, making for a well rounded analysis. For
example, the 1948 War was the first true test of Arab unity and ended in dire
failure; the 1973 War and Oil Embargo on the other hand displayed a substantial
level of Arab cooperation; and the 1991 Gulf War actually took place between
Arab states and involved foreign intervention.
As I progress throughout this
paper, I will define Arab unity as:
“Arab states coming together for an agree upon cause, each giving of their resource and support for the common cause, all staying united to realize cause’s fruitation and maintaining relations after the cause has ceased.”
“Arab states coming together for an agree upon cause, each giving of their resource and support for the common cause, all staying united to realize cause’s fruitation and maintaining relations after the cause has ceased.”
Each of the events I have chosen to focus on
presents different causes, or goals, that states sought to achieve. Not always
were the goals the same and sometimes they were contradictory. Other times,
states did not give of their strength or wealth, or they did not stay on a set,
common path. State relationships also fell apart at times after the cause was
irrelevant and hostile feelings remained. Throughout this paper, therefore, I
will refer back to the definition of Arab unity and pin point when it was that
Arab states fit the description and came together, and when it was that they
fell apart, meanwhile noting the reasons for such fluctuations.
I will begin my paper by explaining the origins of
Arab unity. To the great surprise of many, the concept is a 20th
century phenomenon and took decades of conditioning to take hold within the
minds of Middle East residents. Following the brief history of Arab unity, I
will transition to analyzing the three events I chose for this case study,
starting first with the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and then continuing in chronological order. For each event, I will not discuss the wars themselves, but rather
Arab state decisions and actions. I will look at all six countries
individually, paying attention to motivations and interests, fears and desires.
I will also apply the definition of Arab unity to each event separately and see
which parts hold true. The last section of this paper will make comprehensive
observations, picking out important factors that led to Arab disunity, and
making general predictions about the future. In this paper, I argue that the
only way for Arab unity to be present in the future is for a common cause to be
held by all Arab states that is neither contradictory nor dissimilar, and that
they all feel is in their best interest to pursue.
The concept of holding an Arab identity came about
in the mid-late 1800s, when prevailing loyalties were to the Ottoman Empire,
Islam, or local tribes (see Map 1 in Appendix). An Arabic literary revival
centered around Lebanon, along with a growing demand by Muslim elites for
greater autonomy in Arabic speaking provinces (because spoils of the Ottoman
Empire were not reaching them) helped establish a never be fore known notion of
Arab nationalism. Christians in Lebanon were highly influenced by European
trends and worked to establish Arabic as a language that could be used
extensively for learning, plays, novels, and media like it never had been used
before. Furthermore, the Muslim elites asserted that only Arabs could bring
back the glorious days of past empires due to their
keen understanding of the language of God3 and organized their
supporters in Damascus. This initial awakening did not produce revolutionary
effects, but it did plant an awareness among the public of their shared
language. It also questioned the legitimacy of Ottoman rule.4
When Turkification and Zionism appeared, Arabism
became even more tangible. Turkification came about from an increasing desire
by Turkish speaking Muslims to emulate Western nationalism and reaffirm their
“Turanian” ancient civilization. This movement, however, came at the expense of
other languages in the Empire, notably Arabic, and also helped to further
showcase divisions. Zionist settlers in Palestine also shook up the region, as
an influx of Jewish refugees threatened to displace Arab populations.
Nevertheless, popular opinion throughout the Middle East in the early to
mid1900 s still supported being part of the Ottoman Empire and had “no vision
of a postOttoman order.” Only a minority at this point desired. decentralization
or complete autonomy from Ottoman rule. Keep reading >>>>>>>
https://www.academia.edu
https://www.academia.edu
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The tragedy of the Arabs:
A civilisation that used to lead the world is in ruins and only the locals can rebuild it.
A THOUSAND years ago, the great cities of Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo took turns to race ahead of the Western world. Islam and innovation were twins. The various Arab caliphates were dynamic superpowers—beacons of learning, tolerance and trade. Yet today the Arabs are in a wretched state. Even as Asia, Latin America and Africa advance, the Middle East is held back by despotism and convulsed by war.
Hopes soared three years ago, when a wave of unrest across the region led to the overthrow of four dictators—in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen—and to a clamour for change elsewhere, notably in Syria. But the Arab spring’s fruit has rotted into renewed autocracy and war. Both engender misery and fanaticism that today threaten the wider world. Keep reading >>>> http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21606284-civilisation-used-lead-world-ruinsand-only-locals-can-rebuild-it
- Arab Unity and World Peace: https://www.mathaba.net/info/unity.htm
- 10 Things You Can Do To Develop A Culture Of Muslim Unity: http://www.soundvision.com/info/muslims/10thingsforunity.asp
- Arabs unite against Zionist threat: http://gulfnews.com/opinion/thinkers/arabs-unite-against-zionist-threat-1.711287
Muslim Unity:
- https://www.facebook.com/notes/aftab-khan/muslim-ummah-unity/10152854312382572
- The History of Islamic Unity: http://www.thepenmagazine.net/the-history-of-islamic-unity
- Why a Turkish Islamic Union? http://m.harunyahya.com/tr/works/2676/A-Call-For-A-Turkish-Islamic-Union/chapter/183/Why-a-Turkish-Islamic-Union
Sources:
- From Oded Yinon’s “A Strategy for Israel in the Nineteen Eighties” Published by the Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Inc. Belmont, Massachusetts, 1982. http://www.globalresearch.ca
- http://mycatbirdseat.com/2014/07/the-unfolding-of-yinons-zionist-plan-for-the-middle-east-the-crisis-in-iraq-and-the-centrality-of-the-national-interest-of-israel/
- Bernard Lewis Plan to Carve up Middle East and Muslim World: http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl/Bernard-Lewis-and-Oded-Yinon-Plans-for-Middle-East-Division.htm
- Why was Israel able to defeat its enemies in the wars of 1948-49, 1956, and 1967? http://beta.tutor2u.net/history/blog/why-was-israel-able-to-defeat-its-enemies-in-the-wars-of-1948-49-1956-and-1
- Arabs & Muslims Unity: http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html
Read more:
Power Politics, Conspiracies; Threat to World Peace:
The Middle East needs love and unity more than ever
harunyahya.com/en/.../the-middle-east-needs-loveNov 23, 2014The Middle East needs love and unity more thanever watch video, Adnan ... This bloodshed will not cease ...
Muslim Ummah in the Modern World | Unity | Islamic ...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=njf9NQafQxkNov 3, 2014 - Uploaded by Islamic ReminderMuslim Ummah in the Modern World | Unity |Islamic Reminders. Islamic .... The Prophet said, "By ...
Iran Today - Unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims in Iran ...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjBKzyBRBggJan 7, 2015 - Uploaded by PressTV News VideosIran Today - Unity between Sunni and ShiaMuslims in Iran (P.1) ... in contrast to theMuslim World, has ...
Zionist Christians: Useful tool for Zionist Jews
Trump’s decision to shift US embassy to Jerusalem points to that he could be Zionist Christian. Christian Zionism is a belief among some Christians that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land, and the establishment of the State of... [Continue reading...]Zionism contrary to Torah teachings: Torah Jews, Rabbi
What is Zionism? Zionism is a movement founded by Theodor Herzl in 1896 whose goal is the return of Jews to Eretz Yisrael, or Zion, the Jewish synonym for Jerusalem and the Land of Israel. The name of “Zionism” comes from... [Continue reading...]Jerusalem, The Blessed Land: An Insight Through Bible, Qur’an & History – Salaam One سلام
US President Mr.Donald Trump has announced to shift US embassy to Jerusalem, supporting illegal occupation, against spirit of UN resolutions and world opinion. Palestine is the most complex geopolitical and religious issue, confronted by the humanity, which if left unresolved will... [Continue reading...] or Download pdf
The Thirteenth Tribe is a book that attempts to explain the origins of Eastern Europe's Jewish population,largely decimated by the Nazi onslaught during the Second World War. Koestler shows through extensive research, how a trading empire was set up by a tribe we know as the Khazars between the expanding power blocs of Christianity and Islam; how the people were converted to Judaism by their king as a way of standing apart from both, and how the people and their wealth were dispersed through the countries of Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Khazar Empire. It is a controversial history; because it challenges both the assumptions of Nazi philosophy and Zionism that the European Jews were racially different from the populations of the countries in which they later settled. Koestler, as a Hungarian Jew himself, was particularly interested in the major part the Khazars played in the founding of the Hungarian nation; a fact which later led to the tragedy of 1944, when the Nazis exterminated over half-a -million Hungarian Jews, who were virtually indistinguishable from their Christian neighbours. Keep reading >>>>
The Protocols purports to document the minutes of a late 19th-century meeting of Jewish leaders discussing their goal of global Jewish hegemony. Their proposals to engender such include subverting the morals of the Gentile world, controlling the world's economies, and controlling the press. The Protocols is still widely available today on the Internet and in print in numerous languages. The document reveals through the mouths of the Jewish leaders a variety of plans. For example, the Protocols includes plans to subvert the morals of the non-Jewish world, plans for Jewish bankers to control the world's economies, plans for Jewish control of the press, and - ultimately - plans for the destruction of civilization. The document consists of twenty-four "protocols".
The text was translated into several languages and widely disseminated in the early part of the twentieth century. Henry Ford published the text in The International Jew, and it was widely distributed in the United States. In 1921, a series of articles printed in The Times claimed the text as forged. The document 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' "הפרוטוקולים של זקני ציון" surfaced in the Russian Empire, and was first published in 1903. Keep reading >>>>
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SalaamOne, سلام is a nonprofit e-Forum to promote peace among humanity, through understanding and tolerance of religions, cultures & other human values. The collection is available in the form of e-Books. articles, magazines, videos, posts at social media, blogs & video channels. .Explore the site English and Urdu sections at Indexعلم اور افہام و تفہیم کے لئے ایک غیر منافع بخش ای فورم ہے. علم،انسانیت، مذہب، سائنس، سماج، ثقافت، اخلاقیات اورروحانیت امن کے لئے.اس فورم کو آفتاب خان، آزاد محقق اور مصنف نے منظم کیا ہے. تحقیقی کام بلاگز، ویب سائٹ، سوشل میڈیا، میگزین، ویڈیو چننل اور برقی کتابوں کی صورت میں دستیاب ہے.اس نیٹ ورک کو اب تک لاکھوں افراد وزٹ کر چکے ہیں, مزید تفصیلات>>> Page Index - Salaam One
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مزید پڑھیں:
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مسلما نوں اور علماء کے نام کھلا خط : آج کے حالات میں مسلم معاشرہ نظریاتی ابتری اور انحطاط کا شکار ہے. مادہ پرستی، دہشت گردی، عدم برداشت، اور جہالت انسانیت، امن اور مذھب کے لیے خطرہ بن چکے ہیں- ان حالات میں صاحب علم و ذی فہم حضرات سے ممکنہ حل کی توقع کی جا سکتی ہے. ہمارا مقصد ہے کہ آپ کی توجہ ضروری حل پذیر مسائل کی طرف مبذول کرنا ہے تاکہ جلد حل تلاش کیا جا سکے- آپ کی توجہ اور مدد سے ہم کوشش کر سکتے ہیں کہ معاشرہ کو اس گہری دلدل سے نکال سکیں. مکمل خط اس <<< لنک پر پڑھیں>>
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نظریاتی اور فکری کنفیوژن اور ممکنہ حل
- خطبات اقبال - اسلام میں تفکر کا انداز جدید Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam- http://goo.gl/lqxYuw
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