tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17801617310814495162024-03-12T18:28:21.823-07:00Books & ArticlesA Project of 'Peace Forum Network': Knowledge, Humanity, Religion, Culture, Tolerance, PeaceUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger95125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-30253168711205665502023-09-20T01:18:00.014-07:002023-09-21T08:42:57.665-07:00The Revival رساله التجديد<!--wp:paragraph {"align":"center"}-->
<p class="has-text-align-center" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0R8HgJW21FGTqAhXoIM5lr3m6MnYiHWeHbDxBb2Vdm5g6y6uomxBfDhVZxDEIy1fvvpwBijmQVdW3AA4Kzfio1vT1JqSg7AhvFCVr8CRflaLaYnj41x2l-seitOMyAcGGtunkNLltt6wJwh-C0NQrxtdZ_nzo3iG_wfVgsRyvJWmuUktZy4AKjwKX_K2/s800/Tejdeed%20800x800-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0R8HgJW21FGTqAhXoIM5lr3m6MnYiHWeHbDxBb2Vdm5g6y6uomxBfDhVZxDEIy1fvvpwBijmQVdW3AA4Kzfio1vT1JqSg7AhvFCVr8CRflaLaYnj41x2l-seitOMyAcGGtunkNLltt6wJwh-C0NQrxtdZ_nzo3iG_wfVgsRyvJWmuUktZy4AKjwKX_K2/w377-h320/Tejdeed%20800x800-3.jpg" width="377" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Despite the monumental contributions of past great scholars, it remains perplexing that there has been a lack of significant efforts to rectify their errors by scholars of the past and even present due to blind following.<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span><a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2020/03/islam-21Centry.html#more" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;" title="Islamic Revival"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Keep reading »</span></a></div><p></p><p class="has-text-align-center" style="text-align: justify;"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p class="has-text-align-center" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Great Islamic philosopher, scholar and poet Dr.Muhammad Iqbal summarised:</span></p><p class="has-text-align-center" style="text-align: center;">ز مَن بر صُوفی و مُلاّ سلامے: کہ پیغامِ خُدا گُفتَند ما را </p><p class="has-text-align-center" style="text-align: center;">ولے تاویلِ شاں در حیرت اَنداخت: خُدا و جبرئیلؑ و مصطفیؐ را</p><p class="has-text-align-justify"><!--/wp:paragraph--><!--wp:paragraph {"align":"center"}--><!--/wp:paragraph--><!--wp:paragraph {"align":"justify"}--></p><p class="has-text-align-justify" style="text-align: justify;"><em>Translation: I extend my greetings and Salaam to both the Sufi and Mullah for their endeavours in conveying the message of God to us. Nevertheless, the way they have interpreted these Divine commands has left Allah, Angel Gabriel, and Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) himself bewildered. (Allama Muhammad Iqbal) </em></p><p class="has-text-align-justify" style="text-align: justify;">The research endeavours have thus evolved into a concerted effort to identify the historical inaccuracies through the prism of the Quran (Al-Furqan) for rectification.</p><p class="has-text-align-justify" style="text-align: justify;">In addition to the over hundred articles published in DJ Magazine over the last twenty years, the vast expanse of the cyberspace network offers a wealth of resources. The following summary aims to illuminate the path for those earnestly seeking the truth.</p><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed</a> </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed-pdf" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed-pdf</a> (346 kb)</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://defencejournal.com/author/aftab-khan" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://defencejournal.com/author/aftab-khan</a></div><p class="has-text-align-justify" dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;"><br /><iframe height="1000px" src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQPfs9QaD0EsSPDfrmQlZygb_grCOmKEZ7z-jwIVyovRyTqbthBAtPHOx7dHBc6lvgbiT18O8503luI/pub?embedded=true" width="90%"></iframe></p><div><br /></div>
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</span><h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Author</strong></h4>
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<p><em>Brigadier (Retired) Aftab Ahmad Khan: A freelance writer, researcher, and blogger, holds Masters in Political Science, Business Admin, Strategic Studies, spent over two decades in exploration of The Holy Quran, other Holy Scriptures, teachings & followers. He has been writing for “The Defence Journal” since 2006. His work and free eBooks has been accessed by over 4.5 Millions. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/IslamiRevival" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">FB@IslamiRevival</a> </em>, <em>Twitter/X</em><a href="https://twitter.com/QuranAhkam" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">@QuranAhkam</a> , <em>Email: <a href="mailto:Tejdeed@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Tejdeed@gmail.com</a> , </em></p>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">It took many years to cleanse Arabia of its “false. </span><span style="text-align: justify;">It will take many more to cleanse Islam of its new false idols— sectarianism, bigotry, fanaticism & ignorance—</span><span style="text-align: justify;">worshiped</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> by those who have replaced Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) original vision of tolerance and unity with their own ideals of hatred and discord. But the cleansing is inevitable, and the tide of reform cannot be stopped. </span></div></div><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 16pt; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">"They have set up their religious leaders and scholars as lords, instead of GOD..."<a href="http://trueorators.com/quran-tafseer/9/31" target="_blank">(Quran;9:31)</a></span></i></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">"Have you seen him who has taken his own desire to be his god?" <a href="http://trueorators.com/quran-tafseer/25/43" target="_blank">(Quran;25:43)</a></span></i></span></span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">For fourteen centuries, the venerable scholars of great Islamic Madaris and institutions around the world have claimed a total monopoly over the meaning and message of the Muslim faith. Everything from how to pray to when to fast, from how to dress to whom to marry, has been the sole prerogative of a group of learned old men cloistered inside dozens of clerical institutions and schools of law, whose self-appointed task it has been to divine the future of Islam by controlling its past. ... No longer</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><!--more--></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">The monopoly of Ulema as sole interpreter of religion is waning, with the cyber revolution every educated Muslim can get </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small; font-weight: 400;">authentic </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">information quickly with references at the web. They cannot be deceived anymore.... Ulema will further loose credibility if they don't reform to change their attitude ... </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;">The Islamic Reformation, to return to the original Islam was initiated by Shah Wali Allah 300 years ago by translating Quran to make it within reach of ordinary educated Muslims, thus ending the sole monopoly of Ulema on sacred text .. The reformation process continues, its already here. .... We are all living in it. </span></div>
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<a href="https://bit.ly/2VqFJq4" style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/2VqFJq4</a></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #222222; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This research is about "<a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/index/" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Islamic Revival </a> (<a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/frontpage.html" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">تجديد الإسلام</a>); To Revive the P<a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2020/11/09/perfected/" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">erfected Islam</a> of 1st Century Hijrah. The <a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/tajdid/" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">astonishing discoveries </a>from the past 1200 years theological history forms the basis for </span><span style="color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/index/" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Islamic Revival </a>, which </span><span style="color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;">will change the outlook of Islam for ever without touching the fundamentals and pillars. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/aftab-khan" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Brigadier Aftab Ahmad Khan (r)</a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (70) has authored over 50 books, compiled from his work published in </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“</span></span><a href="https://defencejournal.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Defence Journal</span></span></a><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">”</span><span style="color: #222222;"> since 2006. He is </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a freelance writer, researcher, and blogger. He holds Masters in Political Science, Business Admin, Strategic Studies, spent over two decades in exploration of The Holy Quran, other Scriptures, teachings & followers. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Most of his work is available at </span><a href="https://salaamone.com/About" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://SalaamOne.com/About</span></a><span style="color: #222222; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> accessed by over 4.5 Millions. ]</span></span></div></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"><b><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/revival/" target="_blank">The Islamic Revival </a>/</b></span><span style="color: #0000ee;"><b><u><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2021/08/tajdeed.html" target="_blank">تجديد الإسلام</a></u></b></span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/revival/" target="_blank"> </a></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;"><b><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/revival/" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-weight: 400;">Lost Islamic History</b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, Palatino Linotype, Palatino, serif;"><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-weight: 400;">: Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from the Past By Firas Alkhateeb</span></span></a></b></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/revival/" target="_blank"><b>No god but God:</b> </a></span><span style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/revival/" target="_blank">The Origins, Ev</a>olution, and Future of Islam by Dr. Reza Aslan. Reading Notes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span><span><a href="https://bit.ly/3e4IW7k" style="text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://bit.ly/3e4IW7k</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/last-book/" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: transparent; white-space: pre;">Hadith As Scripture </b><span style="background-color: transparent; white-space: pre;">, Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam Book </span></a></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/last-book/" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; white-space: pre;">By Aisha Y. Musa, Phd </span></a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://bit.ly/2uHO2EC" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">hhtttp://bit.ly/2uHO2EC</a></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSOJcXSobuz0XCuaRY9wNrwy6vHmdjhgeiQT6NpWuDIQ7OKyg4obksUkxDttSG8J_wiGhbaH9jPhUnB/pub" target="_blank">Lights on The Muhammadan Sunnah or Defence Of The Hadith by Mahmud Abu Riyyah </a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Hadith Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World</b> By Jonathan A. C. Brown - Notes :</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://bit.ly/38I7eQo" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/38I7eQo</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Misquoting Muhammad:</b> The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy (Islam in the Twenty-First Century) by Jonathan A.C. Brown [Notes: </span><a href="http://bit.ly/2wYt2ug" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/2wYt2ug</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ] </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Misquoting Muhammad” Free Text </span><a href="https://archive.org/stream/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh_djvu.txt" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://archive.org/stream/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh_djvu.txt</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT IN THE MUSLIM WORLD;</b> Trends, Themes and Issues, By Carool Kersten Notes: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3a4OrQW" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3a4OrQW</a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7c140008-7fff-fdf3-db1b-dc3bd7c56803"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MUSLIM QURʾĀNIC INTERPRETATION TODAY-MEDIA, GENEALOGIES AND INTERPRETIVE COMMUNITIES By Johanna Pink: </span><a href="https://bit.ly/3asbLbs" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://bit.ly/3asbLbs</span></a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Hadith prohibited Hadith</b> </span><a href="https://lampofislam.wordpress.com/2016/03/24/hadith-prohibited-hadith/" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://lampofislam.wordpress.com/2016/03/24/hadith-prohibited-hadith/</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Hadith A Re-Evaluation</b> By Kassim Ahmad, Translated from the Malay original by Syed Akbar Ali 1997 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://bit.ly/3cjhSjH" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/3cjhSjH</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Hadith Fabrications </b>- 63 a Examples </span><a href="http://bit.ly/38fgwDq" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/38fgwDq</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">مقدس جھوٹ اور جعل سازیاں : </span><a href="http://bit.ly/3a92u7B" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/3a92u7B</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ur&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fquransubjects.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F02%2Fpious-deceit.html&sandbox=1" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><b>Pious Deceit </b>[Translation]</span></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Muslim Only</b>- <a href="https://salaamone.com/muslim-first/" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">https://salaamone.com/muslim-first/</a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Study of Great Deviation and Pious Deceit </a></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Plea to Return to the Perfected Islam of Ist Century Hijrah</a></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/index.html" style="background-color: transparent; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">:</a><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/index.html" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/index.html" target="_blank">Last Book</a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/10/books-by-fazlur-rehman.html" style="color: #0b5394; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif;" target="_blank">Books by Fazlur Rehman..... [......]</a><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;"> </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;"><b>اکسسویں صدی میں پہلی صدی کے اسلام کو واپسی کی اصلاحات </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;">اکیسویں صدی میں پہلی صدی کے اسلام کو واپسی کی اصلاحات</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;">عرب کو اس کے "جھوٹے بتوں" سے پاک کرنے میں بہت سال لگے۔ اسلام کو اس کے نئے جھوٹے بتوں - مذہبی فرقہ واریت ، تعصب ، جنونیت اور جہالت سے پاک کرنے میں اور بھی بہت وقت لگے گا- </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;">ان لوگوں نے اللہ کو چھوڑ کر اپنے عالموں اور درویشوں کو رب بنایا ہے (قرآن 9:31)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;">کبھی تم نے اُس شخص کے حال پر غور کیا ہے جس نے اپنی خواہش نفس کو اپنا خدا بنا لیا ہو؟ ( قرآن 25:43)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;">ان جھوٹے بتوں نے رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے رواداری اور اتحاد کے اصل نظریے کو اپنی خواہشات نفس کی خاطر نفرت اور اختلاف کے اپنے نظریات کے ساتھ تبدیل کیا ہے۔ لیکن صفائی ناگزیر ہے ، اور اصلاحات کے جواز کو روکا نہیں جاسکتا۔</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;">چودہ صدیوں سے ، عظیم اسلامی مدارس اور دنیا بھر کےدینی اداروں کے علماء نے مسلم عقیدے کے معنی اور پیغام پر مکمل اجارہ داری قائم رکھی ۔ روزہ کیسے رکھنا ، نماز کس طرح سےپڑھنا ، کس سے شادی کرنا ہے ،کیسا لباس پہننا ہے، ہر ایک بات پر بزرگ علماء کے ایک گروپ کا خود ساختہ تسلط رہا ہے علمائے کرام اور مکاتب فکر و فرقہ واریت، جن کا کام یہ ہے کہ اس نے ان کے ماضی کو قابو کرکے اسلام کے مستقبل کوکنٹرول کیا ... مگر اب مزید نہیں....</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;"> مذہب کے واحد ترجمان کے طور پر علمائے کرام کی اجارہ داری ختم ہوتی جارہی ہے، وہ عصر سے ہم آہنگ نہیں، ان کی دنیا علیحدہ ہے۔ اب بہتر تعلیم ، سائبر انقلاب کے ساتھ ہر مسلمان فوری طور پر اپنے مسائل کے مستند حل باآسانی تلاش کرسکتا ہے ، ویب کے ذریعے ۔ انہیں اب مزیددھوکہ نہیں دیا جاسکتا .... اگر علما اپنا رویہ تبدیل کرکہ اپنی اصلاح نہیں کرتے تو اپنی گرتی ہوئی ساکھ کو مزید کھو دیں گے ...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "utopia" , "palatino linotype" , "palatino" , serif;">اسلام میں اصل کی طرف واپسی کی اصلاحات جس کا آغاز 300 سال قبل ہوا جب <a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" target="_blank"> شاہ ولی اللہ(رح) </a>نے قرآن کا ترجمہ کرکہ اسے علماء کی اجارہ داری سے نکال کر عام مسلمانوں کی پہنچ میں کر دیا- اصلاحات کا ... سفر جاری ہے... ہم سب اس میں جی رہے ہیں...... مزید ۔۔۔ لنک پر ۔۔۔</span><br />
<b> </b><a href="https://bit.ly/2VqFJq4" style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/2VqFJq4</a></div>
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<b>References/ Links</b></div>
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<li><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">https://Quran1book.blogspot.com</a></li>
<li><a href="https://quransubjects.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">https://Quransubjects.blogspot.com/</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/ShahWaliUllahsReformMovement[1707-1762].html" target="_blank">http://www.allamaiqbal.com/<span style="font-size: xx-small;">webcont/393/ShahWaliUllahsReformMovement[1707-1762].html</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/noreenpk1/shah-waliullah">https://www.slideshare.net/noreenpk1/shah-waliullah</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" target="_blank">https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/شاہ_ولی_اللہ</a></li>
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<div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">.. Are the knowledgeable and the ignorant equal? In fact, none will take heed except the people of understanding.”(Qur’an;39:9)</span></div></div>
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<span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129;">“The heart of him who has understanding seeks knowledge, but the mouths of fools feed on folly.”(Bible, Proverbs 15:14)</span></div>
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<span face=""tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Study is one of the great sources of happiness, if not the greatest, because it allows us the full expression of our rational nature. In appreciating philosophical or scientific truths and incorporating them in our own knowledge, we are reaching the peak of what it is to be human. Happiness is not pleasure, but a by-product of a meaningful life.</span><span face=""tahoma" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">[Aristotle]</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Aftab Khan regularly writes on religion, philosophy, history, sociology, culture, power politics, national, international issues and other topics. His work is regularly published in <a href="http://www.defencejournal.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Journal (DJ)</a> since 2006. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">The collection of </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8iXDxqiJQKzfjVZbTBPWW5tR0VBV1FpTExZS2ZSVlNsQlFIZlBVam9TeG9ONmtOc2ltRnM" style="color: blue; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b>books</b></a></span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"> and articles by </span><a href="https://salaamone.com/aftab-khan" style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Aftab Khan</a><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"> </span><a href="http://salaamone.com/introduction-2/" style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;" target="_blank">[<i>SalaamOne Network]</i></a><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"> has been made available here. </span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Free Books Download Link-1</b></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld" style="font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Free eBooks pdf- Download Link-2:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne " target="_blank"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; pointer-events: none; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne</span></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></a></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><b>REVIVAL رساله التجديد (Eng/Urdu)</b></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center;">ز مَن بر صُوفی و مُلاّ سلامے: کہ پیغامِ خُدا گُفتَند ما را </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center;">ولے تاویلِ شاں در حیرت اَنداخت: خُدا و جبرئیلؑ و مصطفیؐ را</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"> My greetings and salaam to both the Sufi and Mullah for their endeavours in conveying the message of God to us. Nevertheless, the way they have interpreted these Divine commands has left Allah, Angel Gabriel, and Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) himself bewildered. (Allama Muhammad Iqbal) </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;">Despite the monumental contributions of past great scholars, it remains perplexing that there has been a lack of significant efforts to rectify their errors by scholars of the past and even the present due to blind following. These research endeavours have thus evolved into a concerted effort to identify the historical inaccuracies through the prism of the Quran (Al-Furqan) for rectification.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;">In addition to the dozens of articles published in DJ Magazine over the last twenty years, the vast expanse of the cyberspace network offers a wide field and abundant resources. The summary below aims to illuminate the path for those earnestly seeking the truth.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><a href="https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed</a> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><a href="https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed-pdf" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed-pdf</a> (346 kb)</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><a href="https://defencejournal.com/author/aftab-khan" style="color: #330099; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://defencejournal.com/author/aftab-khan</a></div><span><!--more--></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: 15.4px;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b>Atheism & Humanism:</b></span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Atheism, denying existence of God is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists. Arguments for atheism range from the philosophical to social and historical approaches. Rationales for not believing in any supernatural deity include the lack of empirical evidence, the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, and the argument from nonbelief. This book explores; </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Religious Humanism, </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Existence of God, </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Philosophical Arguments for God, </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Criticism on Existence of God, </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Proof of God & Scientific Facts. Keep reading <a href="https://salaamone.com/atheism-humanism/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Online</b></span></a> or <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3A4nhhOoqagaDFZM0hwcVpHcms" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Download pdf.</b></span></a></span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 15.4px;"><b>The Creator:</b></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 15.4px;">The idea of a Supreme Power who is the First Cause of all things, the Creator and Ruler of heaven and earth has always been part of human nature from the beginning. The beliefs supporting the existence of God or against it, including the middle positions have resulted in an array of doctrines, the most prominent among them are; Theism, Monotheism, Theodicy, Deism, Agnosticism and Atheism. The main issue which have remained the center of attention of believers of the God has been; How to prove the existence of God rationally? This has been dilated upon in this book. Read <a href="https://salaamone.com/theology/the-creator/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Online </b></span></a>or <span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3A4nhhOoqagdmltUGNrbFpxaDQ" target="_blank">Download pdf.</a></b></span></span><br />
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<b style="color: #222222;">خالق کائنات کون؟ </b><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222;">مختلف عقاید جن میں خدا کے وجود پر ایمان رکھنا یا اس کے مخالف جن کے نتیجے میں مختلف اقسام کے نظریات جیسے کہ خدا پرستی (Theism)، توحید پرستی (Monotheism-موحد،)، تھیوڈسی (Theodicy- خدا کی لامحدود طاقت کا برائی کی موجودگی میں دفاع)، دی ازم (Deism)، اگناسٹک (Agnosticism-خدا کےہونے یا نہ ہونے کے متعلق لا تعلق)، دہریت، الحاد ( Atheism) وغیرہ – توحید (Monotheism) ؛ ایک خدا کے وجود پر ایمان ہےجو اس شرک سے مبرا ہے. توحید یہودیت، عیسائیت(کسی حد تک ) اور اسلام کی خصوصیت ہے، جن کے مطابق خدا دنیا کا خالق ہےاورنگران بھی جو انسانی واقعات میں مداخلت کرتا ہے- خدا رحمان اور مقدس ہے جوتمام نیکیوں اوراچھائیوں کا منبع ہے- اس کاینات کا خالق کون؟ کیا یہ ابدی ہے اور حادثاتی طور پر خود بخود وجود پزیر ہوئی یا اس کا کوئی خالق ہے؟ ... پڑھتے جائیں</span><a href="http://salaamone.com/1-the-creator-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%9F/" target="_blank"> <b><span style="color: blue;">ان لائن</span></b></a><b style="color: #222222;"> </b><span style="color: #222222;">... یا </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8iXDxqiJQKzTHNkSFg1dl94TGM/view" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: blue;">ڈاؤنلوڈ کریں پی ڈی ایف</span> </b><span style="color: #222222;">..</span></a></span></div>
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<b>The Creation:</b> </div>
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Man has always been inquisitive about the origin and creation of universe to which earth is just a small part. The whole cosmic system of matter and energy is called universe. In this book the traditional narratives and myths of Creation, Scientific & theosophical theories have been explained, The Grand Design of creation include, Qur’anic and Biblical narrative of creation and their comparative analysis. Synthesis of Islamic & scientific narrative of creation is revealing. Other subjects include human creation; Origin of life, Theory of Evolution and Refutation by Christians; the Islamic perspective include in favor and opposing views, which may appear strange to some readers. Read <span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="https://salaamone.com/theology/the-creation/" target="_blank">Online </a>or <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3A4nhhOoqagMHNCbG0wVUdWRHc" target="_blank">Download pdf.</a></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
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<span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Free eBooks pdf- Download Link-2:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne " style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;" target="_blank"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; pointer-events: none; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne</span></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3TGUPAkR9xh7ypX-uusuFEBaDypcaCFXr7RSof_uvq-uu5rEBzkH1eSEAqHkuExUauTc_rpUckKJob9CkJgGxbsiTSi6B9czfXtjBt4YWPKAGT_0hQtRT860yHILma6KNSzqN3EcLDOlT/s1600/Guidence-.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3TGUPAkR9xh7ypX-uusuFEBaDypcaCFXr7RSof_uvq-uu5rEBzkH1eSEAqHkuExUauTc_rpUckKJob9CkJgGxbsiTSi6B9czfXtjBt4YWPKAGT_0hQtRT860yHILma6KNSzqN3EcLDOlT/s1600/Guidence-.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b>The Guidance: </b></div>
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It is said that human is a thinking, rational animal. He knows what is right and what is wrong, so does he/she need some additional source of Guidance? Some say ‘No’, while others say ‘Yes’ and still there are who say ‘I Don’t know’. The Book “Guidance” includes, natural guidance, miracles & signs; The brief on the messengers of God; from Adam – Noah – Abraham – Ishmael – Isaac – Jacob -Moses – David, Solomon - John The Baptist (peace be upon them all), Prophet Jesus Christ, The Son of Mary (peace be upon him) and The Last Messenger; Muhammad (peace be upon him). The Sacred Scriptures. i.e. The Bible and Qur’an have been briefly introduced. Read <span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="https://salaamone.com/theology/guidance/" target="_blank">Online</a> or <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3A4nhhOoqagbTZjNnZjcC1UakE" target="_blank">Download pfd.</a></b></span></div>
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<b>Islam: The Legacy of Abraham: </b></div>
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Man endeavors to live the life within the desired parameters to achieve His pleasure, the objective of his creation. This original religion of Abraham, was revived: Islam, in its unique spirit of monotheism, fourteen hundred years ago in concordance with the light of reason; exclusive of mysterious doctrines to cast a shade of sentimental ignorance round the original truths rooted in the human intellect, representing the latest development of the religious faculties. The Book “Islam: The Broader Perspective”; includes the Islam of Prophet Abraham, refutation of Prophet Jesus Christ by Jews, evolution of Christianity, revival of Legacy of Abraham (pbuh) by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Its doctrines, practices and the concept of Predestination has been debated. The other subjects include; Jihad, Shari’a , Priesthood, Human Rights and role of Islamic civilization in the development of humanity and the modern challenges. Read <span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="https://salaamone.com/theology/islam-a-perspective/" target="_blank">Online</a> or <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3A4nhhOoqagUnZIcU01b2RkMmM" target="_blank">Download pdf.</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>The Last Prophet:</b></span></div>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Previously the messengers were sent for the particular nation or community for particular time. Once a new messenger or prophet came it was obligatory to follow him, denying one messenger means denying all the messengers. However this system of messengers came to end with the last Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Muslims while believing in all the previous messengers of God and scriptures, adhere to the message preached by the last Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and The Qur’an as the final uncorrupted holy scripture not restricted to any particular race but for the guidance of whole humanity, while superseding all the previous scriptures.... Keep reading <a href="http://salaamone.com/islam-2/the-last-prophet/" target="_blank">Online</a> or <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3A4nhhOoqagYTVtQ2RHMV83c1E/edit" target="_blank">Download pdf.</a></span><br />
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Islam is the complete way of life, (<i>Din</i>), encompassing spiritual, as well as social, political, economic and all other aspects of human life. Early Muslims excelled in knowledge in all the fields. They not only translated the Greek, Indian and other sources of knowledge but made significant additions and transferred to Europe through Muslim Spain. The main reason of decline of Muslim civilization is their lack on interest in learning and scholarship. Muslims are now found to be mostly illiterate and ignorant. They are backward despite possessing treasures of rich culture, history, energy and other natural resources in abundance. This book is aimed to highlight the importance, which Islam attaches to attainment of knowledge so that Muslims may endeavour to regain their place among community of nations. “The decline of Muslim scholarship coincided with the early phases of the European intellectual awakening that these translations were partly instrumental in bringing about.”[Encyclopedia Britannica]<br />
Read <strong><a href="http://bit.ly/35pN38T" target="_blank"><< online or Download >> </a></strong><br />
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<b>Universe Science & God</b>:</div>
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“Verily in the heavens and the earth are Signs for those who believe. (Qur’an; 45:3). </div>
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Science is beginning to see the entire universe as an interlinked network of energy and information. Our capacity for survival must come from reason and knowledge." The follower of 3 great monotheistic faiths believe that God created the universe and governs it as per His laid down rules. The atheists reject such a set of beliefs. In philosophy there are many rational, metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective arguments for the existence of God. Interestingly the conclusions reached by science recently were mentioned 1400 years ago in the last Testament; The Quran which provides theological, philosophical and scientific evidence of existence of God. To derive maximum benefit it is suggested that the book may be read with an open mind keeping aside the existing ideas. Read <span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/04/universe-science-and-god.html" target="_blank">Online</a> or <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3A4nhhOoqagcE8zdEFkUm9DNTg" target="_blank">Download pdf.</a></b></span></div>
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<b>Palestine, Bible, Quran & History</b></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Palestine is the most complex geopolitical and religious issue, confronted by the humanity, which if left unresolved will continue to be threat to the world peace. This historic flashpoint which kicked off the clash of civilizations, centuries ago, still has the potentials to flare up to repeat the history with unpredictable terrible consequences. While the followers of three Abrahamic faiths; Judaism, Christianity and Islam have the historic, religious, emotional and sentimental attachments with this land, no sane person can agree to deny the right of the Palestinian people as human being to enjoy the fruits of freedom in their own land in this age of freedom and democracy. The Zionists claim that; ‘</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">this land has been given to them by God as His chosen people</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’. To ascertain the veracity of this claim and to contemplate possible peaceful resolution, this issue is being reviewed in the light of Bible, Qur’an & History. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 15.4px;">Read </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 15.4px;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/zionism-bible-quran.html" target="_blank">Online</a> or <a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8iXDxqiJQKzU2JoV2ZjNGFKVE0" target="_blank">Download pdf</a></b></span><br />
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<b style="color: #222222; text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Christian Zionism : The Real Threat to The World Peace</span></b><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">The USA to support Zionism on religious grounds is termed as Christian Zionism.</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"> The white evangelical Christians, 81 percent of whom voted for Trump, for them Israeli occupation of Palestine is a religious obligation. </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">The policies of USA, the lone super power and the country with the largest Christian population has direct affects the world peace. A mischievous group of Zionist Christians through conspiracies and wickedness have been given a free hand to use this giant nation as a tool to implement the Zionist heinous agenda of world domination. It is very strange that h</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">ow Zionists Corrupted Christian Theology to turn hostility against Jews in to favor !</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Therefore there is need to analyse the Zionist claims form Bible, its validity in present environment in the light of UN Charter of human rights, US internal social, politico-religious dynamics and its role in Middle East. This .may help to make this world a better, peaceful place for the humanity by understanding the real issue. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 15.4px;">Read </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 15.4px;"><b><a href="http://salaamone.com/christian-zionism/" target="_blank">Online</a> or <a href="https://goo.gl/kq4hZa" target="_blank">Download 3 Parts... pdf</a></b></span><br />
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<strong style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">صیہونی مسیحیت اور بائبل </strong></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">امریکی امریکن صدر ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ نے امریکی سفارتخانہ کو یروشلم منتقل کرنے کا اعلان کیا تو دنیا حیران ہے کہ امریکہ نے تمام دنیا کی مخالفت کے باوجود اتنا بڑا اقدام اٹھایا۔ بہت کم لوگوں کو علم ہے کہ امریکہ اور…</span><span style="color: cyan;"> <a href="http://salaamone.com/american-christian-zionism-sehoneyat/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank" title="صیہونی مسیحیت اور بائبل Christian Zionism and Bible">[ Continue reading…]</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Jihad - They Myth and Reality:</b></span></div>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The concept of “Jihad” has been misused by terrorists and Western media in negative sense. Jihad (striving) has much wider significance than a military campaign and open warfare as commonly perceived. Jihad could be with “the heart” (intentions or feelings), with “the hand” (weapons etc) a simple action, such as standing firm in defense of the cause of Islam or “with tongue” (expression through speech or writing etc). This may require speaking out in public, for extending invitation of Islam to non believers (<em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dawah</em><span style="font-size: 16px;">, preaching), against ignoring Islamic principles, and writing articles or publishing books to promote Islam. </span><span style="font-size: 16px;">The aim of making Strenuous Efforts (Jihad) has many aspects... Keep reading </span></span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 15.4px;"><b><a href="https://salaamone.com/jihad-myth-and-reality/" target="_blank">Online</a> or <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3A4nhhOoqagdzFQeENUTXQweE0/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Download pdf.</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Presently the Muslim societies are in a state of ideological confusion and flux. Materialism, terrorism, ignorance and intolerance have threatened the peace, tarnishing the image of religion. These circumstances demand special response from the people who are deeply concerned about well being of humanity. Objective of this wakeup call is to draw the attention towards pressing issues which need urgent resolution. With persistent efforts we can get out of of this quagmire. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15.4px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1) Read online or download E Book, pdf at </span></span></span><a href="https://goo.gl/9S1cpe" style="color: #667ccc; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://goo.gl/9S1cpe</span></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> or </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2) Keep reading at web: </span><a href="http://salaamone.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-ulema-islamic-scholars.html" style="color: #667ccc; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://salaamone.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-ulema-islamic-scholars.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ) or </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(3) Read in Urdu: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_57725743" style="color: #667ccc; text-decoration-line: none;"> </a></span><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-muslims-ulema.html" style="color: #667ccc; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-muslims-ulema.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> اردو میں پڑھیں</span><span color="rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.87)" style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #20124d;"><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><b>More</b> ... </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #073763; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8iXDxqiJQKzfjVZbTBPWW5tR0VBV1FpTExZS2ZSVlNsQlFIZlBVam9TeG9ONmtOc2ltRnM" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Books & Research</a></b></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"> by </span><a href="https://salaamone.com/aftab-khan" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Aftab Khan</a></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span></h3>
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<li><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/metaphysics-al-ghaib.html" style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b>Metaphysics & Eschatology</b></span></span></a></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/challenges-to-faith-peace.html" style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Challenges to Faith</span></a><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/islam-phisophy.html" style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Philosophy- Islamic Thought Revivalist</span></a><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reconstruction of Religious Thought</span></a><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; font-size: 15.4px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">(by Dr.M.Iqbal) Summary</a></span></b></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/02/religion-cause-wars.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religion cause Wars?</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/causes-of-tribulation-in-muslim-world.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tribulation and Discord in Muslim World & Future</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="https://goo.gl/CgKSEi" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;" target="_blank">Islamic Culture and Modern World </a><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"> </span></b></span></li>
<li><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/islam-society.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Islamic Society & Culture</b></span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/women-subjugated-or-emancipated.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Women in Islam</b></span></a></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Caliphate:</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Redundant or Relevant?</span></a></b></span></li>
<li><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/sectarianism.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Sectarianism</b></span></a></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/learning-science.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Learning & Science</a></b></span></li>
<li><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/theory-of-evolution-bible-quran.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Theory of Evolution: Bible & Quran</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/takfir-doctrine-of-terror.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Takfir</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/takfir-doctrine-of-terror.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Doctrine of Terror</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></li>
<li><b style="color: blue; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rebuttal Anti-Islam</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FAQ</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s </span></b></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/rebellion-by-khawarij-taliban-shariah.html" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rebellion by Khawarij Taliban & Shari’ah in Pakistan</span></a><span style="font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jesus-divinity.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jesus Christ & Divinity</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jesus-christianity-bible.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jesus, Bible & Christianity</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b></span></div>
</li>
<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/christian-doctrines-bible-analysis.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christian Doctrines: Analysis</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></b></div>
</li>
<li><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/impact-of-islam-on-christianity-west.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Impact of Islam on Christianity & West</b></span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jesus-in-islam-christianity.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Jesus Christ in Islam & Christianity</b></span></a></li>
<li><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/12hb_xEKNffnt4zrs0kkz4-zZCa5fW_dMA9Sz9uPlFvc/edit" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: normal;" target="_blank">Dialogue- Children of Israel, Ishmael & Peace?</a></span></span></b></li>
<li><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><a href="https://salaamone.com/urdu-index/" target="_blank">تفکر ، تحقیق و تجزیہ جات</a></b></span></li>
</ol>
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<strong><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: red;">There is no restriction of copy writes, any one can share the work on non profit basis, however it may be appropriate to give credit by mentioning author & this website/ link.</span></strong></div>
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<strong><a href="https://salaamone.com/about/faq/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">SalaamOne NetWork</span></a></strong></h2>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Knowledge, Humanity, </span>Religion<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span>Culture<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span>Tolerance<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span>Peace</b></span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Just One God</a></strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="http://peace-forum.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Peace-Forum</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://faithforum.wordpress.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Faith Forum</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://takfiritaliban.blogspot.com/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Global Terrorism</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://womenfolks.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Women Folks</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://islamphobia.wordpress.com/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Islamophobia</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Free Books & Articles</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://bible-christianity.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Bible, Christ & Christianity</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://pakistan-posts.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Pakistan-Posts</a></strong></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;"><strong><a href="http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl/" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Aftab Khan-net </a></strong></li>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 14pt;">SOCIAL MEDIA:</span></strong></div>
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<li><strong><a href="http://www.twitter.com/SalaamOne" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">www.Twitter.com/SalaamOne </a></strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="https://plus.google.com/+AftabKhan-PeaceForum" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://plus.google.com/+AftabKhan-PeaceForum</a></strong></li>
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<u style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MAGAZINES</strong>:</u><br />
<u style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </u><u style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://flipboard.com/@aftabkhaan" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Over 30 Flipboard Magazines</a></strong></u></div>
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<strong>VIDEO CHANNELS:</strong></div>
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<li><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/PeaceForum" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/PeaceForum </a></strong></li>
<li><strong><a href="http://www.dailymotion.com/Peace-Forum" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0274be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: background-color 0s ease 0s, color 0.2s linear 0s;" target="_blank">Dailymotion: http://www.dailymotion.com/Peace-Forum</a></strong></li>
</ul>
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<strong><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/free-books.html" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Free Books - Index ..... </a></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><br /></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Free Books Download Link:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld" style="font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Free eBooks pdf- Download Link-2:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne " target="_blank"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; pointer-events: none; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne</span></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></a></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">----------------------------------------</span></div>
<h2>
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Why read books?</span></h2>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">The history of reading dates back to the invention of writing during the 4th millennium BC. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">When writing systems were created in ancient civilizations, a variety of objects, such as stone, clay, tree bark, metal sheets, and bones, were used for writing; these are studied in epigraphy. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">People of various religious (Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, Muslims) and ethnic backgrounds (Syriac, Coptic, Persian, Arab etc.) in the Middle East also produced and bound books in the Islamic Golden Age (mid 8th century to 1258), developing advanced techniques in Islamic calligraphy, miniatures and bookbinding. A number of cities in the medieval Islamic world had book production centers and book markets. Yaqubi (d. 897) says that in his time Baghdad had over a hundred booksellers. Book shops were often situated around the town's principal mosque as in Marrakesh, Morocco, that has a street named Kutubiyyin or book sellers in English and the famous Koutoubia Mosque is named so because of its location in this street.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">The methods used for the printing and binding of books continued fundamentally unchanged from the 15th century into the early 20th century. While there was more mechanization, a book printer in 1900 had much in common with Gutenberg. Gutenberg's invention was the use of movable metal types, assembled into words, lines, and pages and then printed by letterpress to create multiple copies. Modern paper books are printed on papers designed specifically for printed books. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"> </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">In the 2000s, due to the rise in availability of affordable handheld computing devices, the opportunity to share texts through electronic means became an appealing option for media publishers. Thus, the "e-book" was made. The term e-book is a contraction of "electronic book"; it refers to a book-length publication in digital form. An e-book is usually made available through the internet, but also on CD-ROM and other forms. E-Books may be read either via a computing device with an LED display such as a traditional computer, a smartphone or a tablet computer; or by means of a portable e-ink display device known as an e-book reader, such as the Sony Reader, Barnes & Noble Nook, Kobo eReader, or the Amazon Kindle. E-book readers attempt to mimic the experience of reading a print book by using this technology, since the displays on e-book readers are much less reflective. </span><b style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;">The e-Books are quick, economical and effective method of sharing knowledge. </b><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Ebooks serve an important purpose in the online world from different perspectives. Some of the <a href="http://www.seldonmarketing.com/blog/bid/334518/Why-are-Ebooks-Important" target="_blank">benefits</a> of an Ebook include:</span><br />
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<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Interactive – with an Ebook online you can request readers to provide their comments and feedback. This is an invaluable marketing tool that lets you respond more personally to those who could be converted to customers.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Inexpensive – the cost to produce an Ebook is relatively inexpensive when compared to other marketing material productions. </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Faster – you can produce an Ebook much faster than traditional printed brochures, pamphlets, or catalogs. </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Accessible – an electronic book can be easily accessed from virtually any device that is ebooks</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">connected to the internet. Smartphones, tablets, e-readers as well as laptops and desktops can access an Ebook.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Reusable – without a complete re-write, you can leverage your Ebook in multiple channels such as social media, industry events, and your web site. You can also send your Ebook to your email subscribers once a year, making only minor revisions where needed.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Printable – if you desire to have a print version of your Ebook the effort is relatively simple. </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Flexible – you can include links to YouTube videos, presentations, and other online resources as part of your Ebook.</span></li>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Reading is a means for language acquisition, communication, and sharing information and ideas. The reading process requires continuous practice, development, and refinement. Reading requires creativity and critical analysis. Consumers of literature deviate from literal words to create images that make sense to them in the unfamiliar places the texts describe. Because reading is a complex process, it cannot be controlled or restricted to one or two interpretations. There are no concrete laws in reading, but rather it provides readers an escape to produce their own products introspectively. This promotes deep exploration of texts during interpretation. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading" style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;" target="_blank">[Wikipedia]</a><br />
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<b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Why You Should Read Every Day?</span></b><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1. Mental Stimulation</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2. Stress Reduction</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3. Knowledge</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4. Vocabulary Expansion</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5. Memory Improvement</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">6. Stronger Analytical Thinking Skills</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">7. Improved Focus and Concentration</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">8. Better Writing Skills</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">9. Tranquility</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">10. Free Entertainment </span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Read full .<a href="https://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/10-benefits-reading-why-you-should-read-everyday.html" target="_blank">..[......]</a></span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">Make a start ... go to ... <a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/free-books.html" style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #073763;">Free Books - Index</span></a></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Free Books Download Link:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld" style="font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-4959388283481250212021-03-21T13:30:00.102-07:002023-09-21T07:49:38.582-07:00Free Books - Index<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: times;"><div><b>REVIVAL رساله التجديد (Eng/Urdu)</b></div><div>My greetings and salaam to both the Sufi and Mullah for their endeavours in conveying the message of God to us. Nevertheless, the way they have interpreted these Divine commands has left Allah, Angel Gabriel, and Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) himself bewildered. (Translation of following couplet of Allama Muhammad Iqbal) </div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;">ز مَن بر صُوفی و مُلاّ سلامے: کہ پیغامِ خُدا گُفتَند ما را </div><div style="text-align: center;">ولے تاویلِ شاں در حیرت اَنداخت: خُدا و جبرئیلؑ و مصطفیؐ را</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Despite the monumental contributions of past great scholars, it remains perplexing that there has been a lack of significant efforts to rectify their errors by scholars of the past and even the present due to blind following. These research endeavours have thus evolved into a concerted effort to identify the historical inaccuracies through the prism of the Quran (Al-Furqan) for rectification.</div><div>In addition to the dozens of articles published in DJ Magazine over the last twenty years, the vast expanse of the cyberspace network offers a wide field and abundant resources. The summary below aims to illuminate the path for those earnestly seeking the truth.</div><div><a href="https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed</a> </div><div><a href="https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed-pdf" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Revival-RisalaAlTejdeed-pdf</a> (346 kb)</div><div><a href="https://defencejournal.com/author/aftab-khan" target="_blank">https://defencejournal.com/author/aftab-khan</a></div><div style="text-align: center;">************</div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: times;">Here is a collection of books, articles and booklets by Brigadier Aftab Ahmad Khan (r) compiled from his work published in “The Defence Journal” since 2006. He is a freelance writer, researcher, and blogger. He holds Masters in Political Science, Business Admin, Strategic Studies, spent over two decades in exploration of The Holy Quran, other Scriptures, teachings & followers. Most of his work is available at https://SalaamOne.com/About accessed by over 4.5 Millions. </span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: times;"><div>His latest work is about "Islamic Revival (تجديد الإسلام); To Revive the Perfected Islam of 1st Century Hijrah. His astonishing discoveries from the past 1200 years theological history forms the basis for "Islamic Revival , which will change the outlook of Islam for ever without touching the fundamentals and pillars.</div><div>Some important books of interest by other authors are also included in the list. </div><div><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Free Books Download Link-1:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld" style="font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld</span></a></div><div><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Free eBooks pdf- Download Link-2:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne " style="font-family: "Times New Roman";" target="_blank"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; pointer-events: none; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne</span></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></a></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRr4DDe_6IO2vN9H93MNdV9-BhjRSuzIF9CFg3lqd6OYjpLKt4jnW18HBDBhdEQ2L_i0bsd29U6rw225C0QW3TIJSfMEDx74Ik2En7-D-bIYY79Bw_U1U9YfQxjFNsq9xVCwiLPUTjoWUzKZ6AwkgUbEV9026jLeV0o1HnOA_EqvrXt7N-lq0b-Ee-uw/s862/Ahkam%20Quran%20-4.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="800" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRr4DDe_6IO2vN9H93MNdV9-BhjRSuzIF9CFg3lqd6OYjpLKt4jnW18HBDBhdEQ2L_i0bsd29U6rw225C0QW3TIJSfMEDx74Ik2En7-D-bIYY79Bw_U1U9YfQxjFNsq9xVCwiLPUTjoWUzKZ6AwkgUbEV9026jLeV0o1HnOA_EqvrXt7N-lq0b-Ee-uw/w262-h282/Ahkam%20Quran%20-4.gif" width="262" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Ahkam</em><span face=""Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;"> (</span><a href="https://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=Hkm" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(15, 15, 15) 0px -1px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: "Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 80ms ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">hukm</em></a><span face=""Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">) is an Islamic term that has many meanings. In the Qur’an, the word</span><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> ‘hukm’ </em><span face=""Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">is used </span><span face=""Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">in various ways for mediation, decision, authority, or the will of Allah Almighty. </span><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Ahkam</em><span face=""Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 16px;">, the plural of </span><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Libre Franklin", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">hukam</em><span style="background-color: white;"><span face="Libre Franklin, Helvetica Neue, helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333;">, usually refers to specific Qur’anic rules, or legal rules derived from the method of jurisprudence. But in this book important verses from Quran, including Commands, with brief explanation if required has been included for batter understanding of Quran. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span face="Libre Franklin, Helvetica Neue, helvetica, arial, sans-serif"><div style="color: #333333;"><ul><li>English <a href="https://bit.ly/QuranCommands" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/QuranCommands</a> </li><li>احکام القرآن : <a href="https://bit.ly/AhkamAlQuran" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/AhkamAlQuran</a></li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5EFgVE8tVH4Mdv1AetTOxZZToe1wy2vyn26fcW_P3sYBrVTttvuQEZtkoyBEchY7d6Kw_wvXCB_ySUqYP2gDH9eWBHIJ36lyMtN3Uv_aQ88t6u-vFV564_dUXJ9I3X37YS-MNj_QkMe7jHOGZznDNIFdWJKmivO3nVShDUbVAwgN0SWoa83U3ZQ1j_A/s300/Know%20Islam2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="300" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5EFgVE8tVH4Mdv1AetTOxZZToe1wy2vyn26fcW_P3sYBrVTttvuQEZtkoyBEchY7d6Kw_wvXCB_ySUqYP2gDH9eWBHIJ36lyMtN3Uv_aQ88t6u-vFV564_dUXJ9I3X37YS-MNj_QkMe7jHOGZznDNIFdWJKmivO3nVShDUbVAwgN0SWoa83U3ZQ1j_A/s1600/Know%20Islam2.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div>أصول المعرفة الإسلامية </div><div>Fundaments of Islamic Knowledge</div></div><div style="color: #333333;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/basis/" target="_blank">https://salaamone.com/basis/</a></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72Vhb-n_kxD982dPJpiLiLJ2ZOsociGqsGZw7oCfPs9MFdwhwXFS81-kRPYPOo1VLvMgH73y1EW-Ze27codz4drEniwVOc25nN_x9PVv8n3LQvS8HxgykXtvOO4xyLLuMabcb4QhOBmMicUS6VwDgaSa65n5SomEl3SWm3qYuZ__FTJbBKT0msNwIHg/s473/Tantawi3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Roboto Slab"; text-align: left;"></span></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72Vhb-n_kxD982dPJpiLiLJ2ZOsociGqsGZw7oCfPs9MFdwhwXFS81-kRPYPOo1VLvMgH73y1EW-Ze27codz4drEniwVOc25nN_x9PVv8n3LQvS8HxgykXtvOO4xyLLuMabcb4QhOBmMicUS6VwDgaSa65n5SomEl3SWm3qYuZ__FTJbBKT0msNwIHg/s473/Tantawi3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72Vhb-n_kxD982dPJpiLiLJ2ZOsociGqsGZw7oCfPs9MFdwhwXFS81-kRPYPOo1VLvMgH73y1EW-Ze27codz4drEniwVOc25nN_x9PVv8n3LQvS8HxgykXtvOO4xyLLuMabcb4QhOBmMicUS6VwDgaSa65n5SomEl3SWm3qYuZ__FTJbBKT0msNwIHg/s473/Tantawi3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="318" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72Vhb-n_kxD982dPJpiLiLJ2ZOsociGqsGZw7oCfPs9MFdwhwXFS81-kRPYPOo1VLvMgH73y1EW-Ze27codz4drEniwVOc25nN_x9PVv8n3LQvS8HxgykXtvOO4xyLLuMabcb4QhOBmMicUS6VwDgaSa65n5SomEl3SWm3qYuZ__FTJbBKT0msNwIHg/s320/Tantawi3.jpg" width="215" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Islam-A General Introduction: </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">“Ta’rif-e-Aam bi-Din il-Islam” By: Shaikh Ali Al-Tantawi </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">تعریف عام بدین الاسلام</span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/tantawi/" target="_blank">https://salaamone.com/tantawi/</a></span></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333;"><br /></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPN8AqRHCzj06xNHT5ryCVT7kTIfsFoWKNWranAsvx6Znb7kHgqsnUzqjK71EmGJULoP9sATUYP756DcpHYR5O49X5ZakE4Jy0_UxkY_rPbVDri9CxXTr7LZsWYbtn3xWQ2jexjOXswYlBoJYyQwOBq4YmXBnFKFe9WDvgRTOZLFlr0ElAr1bq6GWpBg/s467/Vision%20of%20Islam.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="327" data-original-width="467" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPN8AqRHCzj06xNHT5ryCVT7kTIfsFoWKNWranAsvx6Znb7kHgqsnUzqjK71EmGJULoP9sATUYP756DcpHYR5O49X5ZakE4Jy0_UxkY_rPbVDri9CxXTr7LZsWYbtn3xWQ2jexjOXswYlBoJYyQwOBq4YmXBnFKFe9WDvgRTOZLFlr0ElAr1bq6GWpBg/s320/Vision%20of%20Islam.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The book covers the four dimensions of Islam as outlined in the “</b><b style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Hadith of Gabriel” [ <a href="https://bit.ly/Hadis-Jibril%20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">حدیث جبرئیل</a> ]</b><span style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> practice, faith, spirituality, and the Islamic view of history. <a href="https://bit.ly/Sufizm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">[تصوف اردو ]</a> Drawing on the Quran, the sayings of the Prophet ﷺ and the great authorities of the tradition, the text introduces the essentials of each dimension and then shows how it has been embodied in Islamic institutions throughout history. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: justify;">Something is lost when Western thinkers approach Islam. They seem to see the religion in historical and cultural terms, obscuring Islam’s own internal logic and its true beauty and spirituality. This clearly written introduction to Islam changes that, vividly explaining the Islamic perspectives that have rung true for Muslims for nearly 1400 years. <a href="goog_1218665739">[</a></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/vision/]" target="_blank">https://salaamone.com/vision/]</a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-atrims3xxFK3LJzwc2DG1NCw76KXvJ-BMaVef9MDpiXT8lxMOOevsBwdrAwuesKIjGGvlJQ8TrZiwivtvpzebnVk3V1Mwf54V0UeF610NfmjFIT0ADdL3pYh26WjzYsnhHtW6lsO6w3m/s1510/Tajdeed+eBok1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-atrims3xxFK3LJzwc2DG1NCw76KXvJ-BMaVef9MDpiXT8lxMOOevsBwdrAwuesKIjGGvlJQ8TrZiwivtvpzebnVk3V1Mwf54V0UeF610NfmjFIT0ADdL3pYh26WjzYsnhHtW6lsO6w3m/s1510/Tajdeed+eBok1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1510" data-original-width="1334" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-atrims3xxFK3LJzwc2DG1NCw76KXvJ-BMaVef9MDpiXT8lxMOOevsBwdrAwuesKIjGGvlJQ8TrZiwivtvpzebnVk3V1Mwf54V0UeF610NfmjFIT0ADdL3pYh26WjzYsnhHtW6lsO6w3m/w261-h322/Tajdeed+eBok1.jpg" width="261" /></span></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: times; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></i></span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Brigadier (r) Aftab Khan's</span></span></i></span></span></b><span style="color: #222222;"> latest work is about "</span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/index/" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Islamic Revival </span></i></a><span style="color: #222222;"> (</span><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/frontpage.html" style="color: #060c80; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">تجديد الإسلام</a><span style="color: #222222;">); To Revive the P</span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2020/11/09/perfected/" style="color: #060c80; font-size: medium; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">erfected Islam</a><span style="color: #222222;"> of 1st Century Hijrah. His </span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/tajdid/" style="color: #060c80; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">astonishing discoveries </a><span style="color: #222222;">from the past 1200 years theological history forms the basis for </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: medium; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: medium; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/index/" style="color: #060c80; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Islamic Revival </a>, which </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: times; font-size: medium; white-space: pre-wrap;">will change the outlook of Islam for ever. It may not take another 12 centuries because the process has already <a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/revival/" target="_blank">started. </a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="color: #333333;">The decline of Islam, the perfected religion started after first century. D</span><a href="https://wp.me/pcyQCZ-ce" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-shadow: rgb(15, 15, 15) 0px -1px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 80ms ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">eviations </a></span><a href="https://wp.me/scyQCZ-bidah" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0px 0px 0px inset, rgb(0, 0, 0) 0px 3px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; outline: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 80ms ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank"><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-red-color" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: times;">Bidʻah (بدعة)</span></span></a><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="color: #333333;"> & sectarianism was introduced by neglecting Quran and writing othe</span><span class="has-inline-color has-black-color" style="box-sizing: inherit;">r <a href="https://wp.me/scyQCZ-ban01" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-shadow: rgb(15, 15, 15) 0px -1px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 80ms ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">Books</a> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: times;">like </span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2020/11/18/jewish-scriptures/" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-shadow: rgb(15, 15, 15) 0px -1px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 80ms ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">Jews</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: times;"> and </span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2020/11/18/gospels-in-shadow-23-books/" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-shadow: rgb(15, 15, 15) 0px -1px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 80ms ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">Christians</a><span style="color: #333333;">, specifically and </span><span class="has-inline-color has-black-color" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: times;">strictly prohibited by<a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2020/11/19/quran-on-hadith/" target="_blank"> Quran,</a> the <a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/06/04/prohibition-of-hadith-writing/" target="_blank">Prophet </a>and <a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/01/06/dawud4607/" target="_blank">Rightly Guided Caliphs</a>. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: times;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: times; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: times; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">"</span></span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/index/" style="font-family: times; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Islamic Revival</span><span style="color: #993300;"> </span></i></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: times; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/frontpage.html" style="color: #060c80; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">تجديد الإسلام</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: times; white-space: pre-wrap;">) means going back to the </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: times;">pure, “</span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2020/11/09/perfected/" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-shadow: rgb(15, 15, 15) 0px -1px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 80ms ease-in 0s, box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s, -webkit-box-shadow 0.13s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">Perfected Religion Islam”</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: times;"> of 1st century so that Quran can function with its full potentials to guide the humanity.....keep reading ..<a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/2021/07/19/tajdid/" target="_blank">[..........]</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">[Multiple translation options are available] / </span></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/frontpage.html" style="font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">(اردو - تجديد الإسلا</a><span style="font-family: times; white-space: pre-wrap;">م)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: times; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start;"><b>Free eBooks pdf- Download Link:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne " style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; white-space-collapse: collapse;" target="_blank"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; pointer-events: none; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne</span></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></a><br /></span><ul style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2021/09/Faith-Revival.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">تجدید ایمان </a></li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2021/08/tajdeed.html" target="_blank"> تجديد الإسلام: مقدمہ </a> <a href="https://wp.me/scyQCZ-tajdid" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">[-Abstract English]</a></li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2021/10/Shafaat.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">شفاعت یا شریعت</a></li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2021/10/Najaat.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">مقصد حیات</a></li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2021/09/Quran-Neglected.html" target="_blank"> قرآن ترک العمل ( مھجور) )</a> </li></ul></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/muslim-first/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Be A Muslim – No Sects ! مسلمان بنو"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Islam, Muslim & Sectarianism – </b></span></a><b style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihk6InnxvTXgYhhXc-N1Q-3LHrP1j8Jz2t1bGLkkghd4NgiSMqgV9L0KaLGZIPWl53oeIasIUWdbGpP4NegTtPijHRWpzb-VItT76w-jFjly-43taLgP8C3F-yJOwTLFsL_4hsQFDkAFi0/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="400" height="345" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihk6InnxvTXgYhhXc-N1Q-3LHrP1j8Jz2t1bGLkkghd4NgiSMqgV9L0KaLGZIPWl53oeIasIUWdbGpP4NegTtPijHRWpzb-VItT76w-jFjly-43taLgP8C3F-yJOwTLFsL_4hsQFDkAFi0/w264-h345/image.png" width="264" /></a></div><span style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;">If we look at the names of different religions of the world, it is found that mostly the religions are named after the founding personalities. Buddhism, after Buddha, Christianity after Jesus Christ, Judaism form Judea (tribal head). Similarly Zoroatism, Bahaism, Confucianism are also named after personalities. There is no founder of Hinduism and Jainism. Hinduism is also sometimes named after sacred book Veda. Keeping in view the personality names, the followers of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) should have been called Muhamdans, but it did not happen, though the orientilists tried out but failed. If Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was founder of a new religion, it would have been his pleasure to name the religion after him but he could not do so because it is based upon Quran, the revelations he received from God. Quran carries name Muhammad only four times, once Ahmad. The names of his parents, family, children are not there. Allah Himself named the Deen (religion) as ISLAM, and the believers as Muslims (Arabic:Muslimen, Muslimoon), which have a link with ‘As-Salaam’, one of the the attributive names of Allah. </span><a href="http://salaamone.com/muslim-first/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font-family: Raleway; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal;" target="_blank">[Keep reading …….]</a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6DFhPxlW0vyrgoktaSc-WesyYdxJnsuc9EI9lQzRdHyokTMfjAhjoPyfapBnnaCS8zfvvYvjMN9Sjo1sGpWlElPFNKCnBOtGj09V9nj0Gn4VyPLIy3fgCYmWZLl7ViDHp0lOzFTBBiTb/s1007/Khilafah+2++Al+Eng+Ur+E+Book2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1007" data-original-width="848" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe6DFhPxlW0vyrgoktaSc-WesyYdxJnsuc9EI9lQzRdHyokTMfjAhjoPyfapBnnaCS8zfvvYvjMN9Sjo1sGpWlElPFNKCnBOtGj09V9nj0Gn4VyPLIy3fgCYmWZLl7ViDHp0lOzFTBBiTb/w258-h364/Khilafah+2++Al+Eng+Ur+E+Book2.jpg" width="258" /><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="color: blue; font-family: arial; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Al-Khilafah </a> [الخلافة] </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> [Eng & Urdu ]</span> </span><b style="color: black; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b><span style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pakistan was created in the name of Islam, [</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Two Nation Theory</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">] </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">so that the people in this country could live according to the principles of Islam. [ <<</span></span><a data-blogger-escaped-target="_blank" href="https://salaamone.com/khilafah/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">اردو میں پڑھیں >> </a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">] </span><span style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">According to the </span><a href="http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part9.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Constitution of Pakistan</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, “All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, in this Part referred to as the Injunctions of Islam, and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such Injunctions.”</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. However these constitutional provisions are not implemented in later and spirit. In order to implement</span><a href="https://salaamone.com/nazaria-pakistan/" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ideology of Pakistan</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, the appropriate methodology is to establish the </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Z9AHuSz_ceBboHVr4YSRulM67aikI-4h/view?usp=sharing" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Al-Khilafah</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> system in a peaceful, constitutional manner. By misusing the term “Khilafah” for their nefarious agenda, the terrorists have tarnished the image of the Khilafah. The Khilafah is not an absolute dictatorship or monarchy, it is based upon </span><a href="https://quransubjects.blogspot.com/2019/11/islamic-state.html" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Shura (consultation)</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> is an Islamic state. According to a survey by </span><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/search/Pakistan" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PEW</span></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Research Center</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> it was found that 84% of Pakistani Muslims support Islamic law as their official law. Keep reading .....<a href="https://salaamone.com/al-khilafah/" target="_blank"> [...........]</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 style="color: blue; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Who is at Riba War? ربا کی جنگ : <b style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b></h3><p style="color: blue; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/riba/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: blue; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf2PWOBvvHMgKDT36c8UparRRquggkOV81qPZWeFbzs7dk6Emk8T2jdIldYYEsbHsa47ITMXqRVPTmnwGrBXNMU0yccbqWR7Dr7-U5_wz4FmuBXnkzcAVPlHGwGv7ditOGjLUK28U6CybJ/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf2PWOBvvHMgKDT36c8UparRRquggkOV81qPZWeFbzs7dk6Emk8T2jdIldYYEsbHsa47ITMXqRVPTmnwGrBXNMU0yccbqWR7Dr7-U5_wz4FmuBXnkzcAVPlHGwGv7ditOGjLUK28U6CybJ/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEivqHtkPtPADaObewrXNamV5IDy4wiZSYx5sMpPI7Zc9y8DUH_dK4rRefUDCecYYf733mpWYQUiUb80BW2-vyfHFGkqqmpx5MmOt-tzGDjh60-E5C-YL6Al60owib5gRLhImA3GoNqcWtclmPLYdGsd5H5VQcb5hwO_v-ahKTaaAAi8EUuJXc5SVHIC1A" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="614" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEivqHtkPtPADaObewrXNamV5IDy4wiZSYx5sMpPI7Zc9y8DUH_dK4rRefUDCecYYf733mpWYQUiUb80BW2-vyfHFGkqqmpx5MmOt-tzGDjh60-E5C-YL6Al60owib5gRLhImA3GoNqcWtclmPLYdGsd5H5VQcb5hwO_v-ahKTaaAAi8EUuJXc5SVHIC1A" width="192" /></a></div><br /></div><p style="color: blue; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></p><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Presenting incomplete Qur’anic injunctions is woefully misleading, deliberately omitting information is tantamount to lying، a great sin. There is a famous saying that; a half truth is often a full lie. <span style="font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If the whole truth is not told, then people can be as if you were lying to them out rightly. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Therefore “<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Scam of the Century is Unveiled”</strong> . Two frequently quoted Quranic verses 2:278 and 279, tell the whole truth about prohibition of Riba (usury) and its implication for the obedient servant, both aspects are equally important and both have to be implemented in later and spirit, which is the Theme of this Research: </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: arial;">. </span><a href="https://salaamone.com/riba/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;" target="_blank">Keep reading >>>>> </a><strong style="color: blue; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">[<a href="https://bit.ly/QuranOnRiba" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">اردو ترجمہ </a>]</strong></div></span></span></div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Free eBooks pdf- Download Link:</b> </span><a href="https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne " target="_blank"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; pointer-events: none; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne</span></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></a></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin: 0pt 22pt;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3jtg7Qs-15Op5jMCsKOe6glJ8sRhIj7FOJpD81kpwfAjTgLqOn7Ijz7r1EzLIb2nlO9I9HzB4fDIPLhMvFMnOfp-thIQxJQSLnsaNk57pySP2QTNLsi5EAz_6exAELD1cCYZO132JQ56I/s1600/Chrsit+Zion-Small.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="89" data-original-width="142" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3jtg7Qs-15Op5jMCsKOe6glJ8sRhIj7FOJpD81kpwfAjTgLqOn7Ijz7r1EzLIb2nlO9I9HzB4fDIPLhMvFMnOfp-thIQxJQSLnsaNk57pySP2QTNLsi5EAz_6exAELD1cCYZO132JQ56I/w142-h138/Chrsit+Zion-Small.png" width="142" /></span></a></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islam Basics: </span></div></span>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/islam-in-brief.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islam - General Introduction: </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Ali Tantawi [Eng]</i></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i> </i></span></span></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/hand-book-of-islam-urdu.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">شیخ علی طنطاوی: تعریف عام بدین الاسلام'</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/prophet-muhammad-pbuh.html" style="background-color: white; text-decoration: none;">Prophet Muhammad [<span id="docs-internal-guid-d23f0ee6-7fff-31e9-0fdd-1bb0c6d2ee30"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ﷺ</span></span>]</a></span></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://muslimcanada.org/gist.htm" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Islam in Nutshell</span></a></div>
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</ol><div style="text-align: left;"><ol style="border: 0px; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/kashmir/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Kashmir Jihad – Analysis & Options"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Kashmir Jihad – Analysis & Options</span></a></span></li><li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/hybrid-warfare-2" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Hybrid Warfare against Pakistan</span></a></span></li><li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/great-jihad/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Great Jihad جہاد کبیرہ"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Great Jihad Through Quran</span></a></span></li><li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/ethics/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Quran – Summary of 99 Selected Verses on Ethics قرآن کی 99 منتخب آیات کا خلاصہ"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Quran – Summary of 99 Selected Verses on Ethics </span></a></span></li><li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/quran-nations/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Rise and fall of Nations – Law of Quran قرآن کا قانون عروج و زوال اقوام"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Rise and fall of Nations – Law of Quran </span></a></span></li><li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://defenders.home.blog/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Kashmir- Defender</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> [blog]</span></span></li><li style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/soft-power/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Muslims and The Soft Power مسلمان اور سافٹ پاور">Muslims and The Soft Power </a>[mixed articles]</span></span></li></ol></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Basic Books</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span><b style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/creator.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Creator</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-creation.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Creation </span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [</span><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-creation.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why We Exist?</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">]</span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/guidance.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Guidance</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/legacy-of-abraham-islam.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islam: Broader Perspectiv</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">e</span></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><b style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b></span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/atheism-monotheism.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Humanism Atheism</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/universe-science-god.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Universe, Science & God</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/faith-with-reason.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Faith & Reason</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/pillars-of-islam.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fundamentals of Faith</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/metaphysics-al-ghaib.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Metaphysics & Eschatology</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/challenges-to-faith-peace.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Challenges to Faith</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [Sectarianism]</span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/islam-phisophy.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Philosophy- Islamic Thought Revivalist</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reconstruction of Religious Thought</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(by Dr.M.Iqbal) </span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General Topics: </span><b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></b></div></span>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Al-Khilafah </a> [الخلافة] is </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Relevant</a> [Eng & Urdu Books]</span></span></div></li><li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/02/religion-cause-wars.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Religion cause Wars?</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/causes-of-tribulation-in-muslim-world.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tribulation and Discord in Muslim World & Future</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="https://goo.gl/CgKSEi" target="_blank">Islamic Culture and Modern World </a> </span></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/islam-society.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islamic Society & Culture</span></a></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/women-subjugated-or-emancipated.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Women in Islam</span></a></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/rise-decline-of-muslims-by-dr-israr.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rise & Decline of Muslims </span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div></li>
<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/sectarianism.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sectarianism</span></a></div>
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<li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/learning-science.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Learning & Science</span></a></div></li>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/10/terrorism-islam-and-jihad.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jihad, Extremism</span></a>: <b style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jihad-myth-teality.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jihad: Myth & Reality</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/takfir-doctrine-of-terror.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Takfir</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/takfir-doctrine-of-terror.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Doctrine of Terror</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/terrorism-rejected-in-islam-religious.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islamic Decree [Fatwa] Against Terrorism</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/tolerance-in-islam.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tolerance</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rebuttal Anti-Islam</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FAQ</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/rebellion-by-khawarij-taliban-shariah.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rebellion by Khawarij Taliban & Shari’ah in Pakistan</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/06/role-of-ulema-islamic-scholars-in.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islamic Scholars in modern age</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">علماء اور دور جدید</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div></li></ol><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interfaith: </span><b style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></i></span></span></b></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/impact-of-islam-on-christianity-west.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Impact of Islam on Christianity & West</span></a></div></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jesus-in-islam-christianity.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jesus Christ in Islam & Christianity</span></a></div></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/theory-of-evolution-bible-quran.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Theory of Evolution: Bible & Quran</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div></li><li dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/bible-quran.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bible & Quran</span></a></div></li></ol><div style="color: black; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/11/amed-deedats-books-on-christianity-islam.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Ahmed Deedat's Books</b></span></a></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></ol><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Power Politics, Conspiracies, Wars: </span><b style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span></i></span></span></b></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://goo.gl/kq4hZa" target="_blank">Christian Zionism</a></span></div></li><li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/zionism-bible-quran.html" style="text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zionism, Bible & Quran</a><span style="color: blue; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [The Blessed Land]</span></div></li><li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/12hb_xEKNffnt4zrs0kkz4-zZCa5fW_dMA9Sz9uPlFvc/edit" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dialogue- Children of Israel, Ishmael & Peace?</span></a></div></li><li style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/thirteenth-tribe-by-arthur-koestler.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Thirteenth Tribe</span></a></div></li></ol></div></span><ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1838566240" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bible, Christ & Christianity: </span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.fahmedeen.org/books/islamandmodernism.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.fahmedeen.org/books/islamandmodernism.pdf</span></a><a href="http://bible-christianity.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">istianity.blogspot.com</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fV03Iv32envrUtQfvd58ZsLTwO5R4tYHmHoH9vDLJc0/edit" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Who is Jesus? By Anthony Buzzard</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jesus-divinity.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jesus Christ & Divinity</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jesus-christianity-bible.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jesus, Bible & Christianity</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> : </span></span><b style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i>By </i></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"><i><span style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Brigadier Aftab Khan (r)</span></span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></i></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/gospel-of-barnabas.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gospel of Barnabas</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="https://christianity2bible.wordpress.com/2015/12/21/a-direct-translation-of-johns-gospel-from-greek-by-by-anthony-buzzard/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gospel of John [Direct translation rom Greek]</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://bible-christianity.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-life-and-morals-of-jesus-of.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thomas Jefferson;s Bible</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/christian-doctrines-bible-analysis.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Christian Doctrines: Analysis</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/bible-myths-by-t-w-doane.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bible: Myths and their Parallels in other religions By T. W. Doane</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bible.cc/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Online Bible</span></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; text-align: justify;">Other Writers</b></div><ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-prince.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;" target="_blank">The Prince By Machiavelli </a></li>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-protocols-of-elders-of-zion.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Protocols of the elders of Zion </span></a></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arab Unity </span></a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><h2 style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 1em; position: relative;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">Free Books Download Links</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/10/books-by-fazlur-rehman.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Books by Fazulr Rahman</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (modern scholar)</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/03/articles-of-maulana-wahiduddin-khan.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">English Books by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan:</span></a></div>
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Kashmir is an incomplete agenda of partition of India. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have fought three wars on this issue. According to UN resolutions, Kashmiris have to decide their accession to Pakistan or India through impartial plebiscite, which could not take place due to Indian reluctance. Recently, India revoked Article 370 of the Constitution, which granted special autonomous status to Kashmir, it was done to unilaterally integrate occupied Kashmir. This is a violation of the UN resolutions and the Simla bilateral agreement, which demands to maintain status quo until the final settlement. The US and world powers are emphasizing that Kashmir should be resolved bilaterally, though India has refused to hold talks with Pakistan. In the present scenario, while India has turned Kashmir into the largest prison of 9 million people, denying basic human rights and oppressing the Kashmiris' who want freedom from India, Pakistan cannot watch as a silent spectator. Nuclear armed India and Pakistan are closer to war. Jihad becomes obligatory for the Muslims to help the oppressed people of Kashmir. The tense situation requires an in-depth analysis to explore possible options. <a href="https://salaamone.com/kashmir/" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Read online.[....]or</a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;">Download-PDF: </span><a href="http://bit.ly/2k0Vqpm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/2k0Vqpm</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.islamhouse.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.islamhouse.com</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://islamtomorrow.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://islamtomorrow.com</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><a href="http://www.studying-islam.org/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Studying Islam</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Free Islamic Internet Courses</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.understanding-islam.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Understanding Islam</span></a></div>
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<span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presently the Muslim societies are in a state of ideological confusion and flux. Materialism, terrorism, ignorance and intolerance have threatened the peace, tarnishing the image of religion. These circumstances demand special response from the people who are deeply concerned about well being of humanity. Objective of this wakeup call is to draw the attention towards pressing issues which need urgent resolution. With persistent efforts we can get out of of this quagmire. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1) Read online or dowlnoad E Book, pdf at </span><a href="https://goo.gl/9S1cpe" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://goo.gl/9S1cpe</span></a><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> or </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2) Keep reading at web: </span><a href="http://salaamone.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-ulema-islamic-scholars.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://salaamone.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-ulema-islamic-scholars.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ) or </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(3) Read in Urdu: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_57725743"> </a></span><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-muslims-ulema.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/03/open-letter-to-muslims-ulema.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> اردو میں پڑھیں</span><span color="rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588)" style="font-family: "roboto slab" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<strong><span><a href="http://salaamone.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">SalaamOne.Com</a> سلام </span></strong></span><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"> English<a href="http://salaamone.com/page-index/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> [Index ....... ]</a></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">علم اور افہام و تفہیم کے لئے [سلام SalaamOne] ایک غیر منافع بخش ای فورم ہے، جو علم کے زریعہ انسانیت کو امن کے قریب لانے کی ایک کوشش ہے .اس فورم کو <a href="http://www.salaamone.com/aftab-khan" rel="noopener" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 1.71; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">آفتاب خان</a> نے منظم کیا ہے. تحقیقی کام بلاگز، ویب سائٹ، سوشل میڈیا، میگزین، ویڈیو چننل اور برقی کتابوں کی صورت میں دستیاب ہے. اس Index - انڈیکس پر منتخب پوسٹس کی مختصر لسٹ ہے ، مزید تفصیلات کے لیے "Search", Categories, Tabs" پر تلاش کریں - نیٹ ورک کو اب تک لاکھوں افراد وزٹ کر چکے ہیں, <a href="http://salaamone.com/introduction-2/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">مزید تفصیلات .....</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">تفکر ، تحقیق و تجزیہ</span></strong></h2><header><article class="post excerpt"><header><article class="post excerpt"><header><article class="post excerpt"><header><article class="post excerpt"><header><article class="post excerpt"><article class="post excerpt"><article class="post excerpt" dir="rtl"><header><article class="post excerpt"><header><article class="post excerpt"><article class="post excerpt"><header><article class="post excerpt"><ol style="text-align: right;"><li><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/american-christian-zionism-sehoneyat/" rel="noopener" style="text-align: right;" target="_blank">صیہونی مسیحیت </a><span style="text-align: right;">Christian Zionism: پروٹسٹنٹ عیسائیت کے اندر سب سے بڑی، سب سے زیادہ متنازع اور سب سے زیادہ تباہ کن تحریک ہے- یہ مشرق وسطی میں کشیدگی کو برقرار رکھنے، اسرائیلی کے تمييز عنصريapartheid، استعمارپسندانہ ایجنڈا اور اسرائیل اور فلسطینیوں کے درمیان امن کے امکانات کے عمل کوکمزورکرنے میں بنیادی طور پر ذمہ دارہے-امن عالم کے لیے یہ تحریک سب سے بڑا خطرہ ہے>>> </span><a href="http://salaamone.com/american-christian-zionism-sehoneyat/" rel="noopener" style="text-align: right;" target="_blank">صیہونی مسیحیت</a><span style="text-align: right;">...</span></span></li>
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<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%85-%da%a9%db%92-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ac-%d9%88-%d8%b2%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a2%d9%86/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>اقوام کے عروج و زوال کا قانون اور قرآن</b></span></a></li>
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<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/wake-up-now-%d8%ac%d8%a7%da%af%d9%88-%d8%ac%d8%a7%da%af%d9%88-%d8%ac%d8%a7%da%af%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85%db%81/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>جاگو جاگو جاگو امت مسلمہ</b></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/muslims-ideological-confusion/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>مسلمانوں کا نظریاتی اور فکری کنفیوژن اور حل</b></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%ba%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1%db%92-%d9%85%db%8c%da%ba-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-muslim-in-a-non-muslim-society/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>غیر مسلم معاشرے میں مسلمان</b></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/islamic-thought-at-present-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%af%db%8c%d8%af-%d9%85%db%8c%da%ba-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%db%8c-%d8%aa%d9%81%da%a9%d8%b1/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>دورجدید میں اسلامی تفکر</b></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b0%db%81%d8%a8-quran-intellect-and-reason/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>عقل مذہب</b></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><a href="http://salaamone.com/wake-muslims-urdu/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">پاکستان- چلینجز اور راه حل</a> </b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><a href="http://salaamone.com/pakistan-quagmire/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">پاکستان – مسائل کی دلدل اور ترقی کا راستہ</a> </b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%af%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%da%a9%db%92-%d9%86%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b0-%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%b9%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%b9%d8%ac%db%8c/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">دین اسلام کے نفاذ کی اسٹریٹجی</a> </b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/narrative-against-terrorism/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>دہشت گردی: قومی بیانیہ ’’پیغام پاکستان‘‘</b></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><a href="http://salaamone.com/implement-islam/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">اسلامی ریاست میں تصور اقامتِ دین</a> </b></span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%8c-%d8%ac%d9%85%db%81%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%da%a9%d9%81%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%db%8c%d9%82%db%8c-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b2%db%81/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>اسلام، جمہوریت اور کفر: تحقیقی جائزہ</b></span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><a href="http://salaamone.com/democracy-caliphate-ur/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> جمہوریت اورخلافت : تحقیقی جائزہ</a> </b> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://rejectionists.blogspot.com/2017/04/wilayat-e-faqih-doctrine-fifth-column.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">ولایت فقه</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/less-democracy/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> پاکستانی ’نیم جمہوریت‘ اور دنیا میں جمہوریت پر کم ہوتا اعتماد</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/vote-shariah/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">ووٹ کی شرعی حیثیت</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%ac%db%81%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%db%8c%d9%82%db%8c-%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b2%db%81/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">جہاد اور فساد – تحقیقی جائزہ:</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/mwalid-birthday-prophet-muhammad/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="Mwalid Birthday of Prophet Muhammad (phub) میلاد النبی ﷺ کی شرعی حیثیت"><span style="background-color: white;">میلاد النبی ﷺ کی شرعی حیثیت</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/muslim-non-muslim-relations/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">مسلمانوں اور غیر مسلمانوں کے تعلقات</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/statusquo-%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%88%d8%af/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">جمود</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/darse-nizami-revision/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">درس نظامی کی تجدید نو</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/niqab-%d9%86%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%8c-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a8/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">نقاب ، حجاب</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/hadees-sunnat-tehqeeq/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">علم حدیث , فرقہ واریت اورقران – تحقیقی مضامین</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/qadiani-apostates-khatme-nabuwat/">ختم نبوت اور قادیانی فتنه- تحقیقی جائزہ</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%da%a9%db%8c%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae%db%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%a8%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af-%db%81%d9%88/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="کیا تاریخی واقعات دین اسلام کی بنیاد ہو سکتے ہیں؟"><span style="background-color: white;">تاریخی واقعات دین اسلام کی بنیاد ؟</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/new-fitnah/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">نیا فتنہ: شہداء کی ميتوں کو قبروں سے نکال کر کفارکو تبليغ:</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ad%db%82-%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%db%8c%d9%82-%d9%88-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%b2%db%8c%db%81/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="سانحۂ کربلا – متوازن تحقیق و تجزیہ"><span style="background-color: white;">سانحۂ کربلا – متوازن تحقیق و تجزیہ</span></a></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;">مذھب </span></div>
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/the-creator-khaliq-chapter1/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">خالق کائنات کون؟</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/arguments-for-god3-%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7-%da%a9%db%92-%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%af-%da%a9%db%92-%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%84%db%8c-%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">خدا کے وجود کے عقلی دلائل</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2016/12/urdu-section.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: white;">خدا اور کائینات </span></b></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://bible-christianity.blogspot.com/2016/11/monotheism-in-bible.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">توحید اور بائبل </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://bible-christianity.blogspot.com/2013/07/the-god-of-muslims-and-christians.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">مسیحی اور مسلمان کا خدا؟</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://bible-christianity.blogspot.com/2016/03/who-is-jesus-according-to-bible-son-of.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">بائبل کے مطابق یسوع کون ہے؟ </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/god-criticism-4-%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7-%d9%be%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%82%db%8c%d8%af/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">خدا پر تنقید</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/5-mystries-of-quantum-physics-%da%a9%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%b9%d9%85-%d9%81%d8%b2%da%a9%d8%b3-%da%a9%db%92-%d8%b9%d8%ac%db%8c%d8%a8-%d9%88-%d8%ba%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b1/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">کوانٹم فزکس کے عجیب و غریب اسرار</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/8quran-living-miracle-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a2%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%af%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%ac%d8%b2%db%81/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"> قرآن – ابدی معجزہ</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/quran-eternal-miracle/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">قرآن حکیم سب سے بڑا معجزہ</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/quran-guidance-salvation-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%81-%da%be%d8%af%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%aa-%d9%88-%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%aa/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">قران – راہ ھدایت و نجات</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: navy;"><strong><a href="http://salaamone.com/prophet-muhammad-life/" rel="noopener" style="color: navy;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">سیرت النبی ﷺ</span></a></strong></span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/last-sermon-hajj-%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%db%81-%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d8%a2%d8%ae%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d8%a8%db%81-%d8%ad%d8%ac/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">رسول اللہ صلعم کا آخری خطبہ حج</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/mwalid-birthday-prophet-muhammad/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="Mwalid Birthday of Prophet Muhammad (phub) میلاد النبی ﷺ کی شرعی حیثیت"><span style="background-color: white;">میلاد النبی ﷺ کی شرعی حیثیت</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/law-of-guidance/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">قانون ہدایت و گمراہی</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;">ا<a href="http://salaamone.com/does-allah-misguides-%d8%a7%da%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%db%81-%da%af%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%81-%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%aa%d8%a7-%db%81%db%92%d8%8c-%d8%af%d9%84%d9%88%da%ba-%d9%be%d8%b1-%d9%85%db%81%d8%b1/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">گراللہ گمراہ کرتا ہے، دلوں پر مہر کرتا ہے تو سزا کیوں؟</a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%8c-%d8%a8%d8%ae%d8%b4%d8%b4%d8%8c-%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%db%92-salvation-faith/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">نجات، بخشش، ایمان اور اعمال – مغالطے</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d9%86%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b2-%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%a7%db%81%d9%85%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%8c-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%8c-%d8%b7%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%82%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a8%db%8c/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="نماز کی اہمیت ، مسائل ، طریقه اور جمع بین الصلاتین"><span style="background-color: white;">نماز کی اہمیت ، مسائل ، طریقه اور جمع بین الصلاتین</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/tableegh-dawah/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">اسلامی دعوت تبلیغ دین اور اس کے اصول</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/fitnah-takfeer/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">فتنہ تکفیر و ارتداد</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/shariah/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">نفاذ شریعت اور حکمران- مسئلہ تحکیم</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/end-of-time-%d9%82%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa-%da%a9%d8%a8-%d8%9f/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">قیامت کب ؟</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/shifaat-qayamat/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">قیامت اور قانون شفاعت</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/reward-for-believers-%d8%a7%db%81%d9%84-%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d8%b5%d9%84%db%81-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b7-%d9%86%db%8c%da%a9-%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">اہل ایمان کا صلہ: بشرط نیک اعمال</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><strong><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/reward-disbelievers/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">کفار کے رفاہی کاموں کا اجر</a> </span></strong></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%b1%db%81-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d8%b7%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%82%db%81-umra-step-by-step/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">عمرہ کا طریقہ</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/juma-mubarak/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">جمعہ کی فضیلت</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/why-friday-khutbah-ineffective/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">جمعہ کا خطبہ غیر موثر کیوں ہوتا ہے ؟</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/ijtihad-by-umer-%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%aa-%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%b1-%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%b1%d8%b6%db%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%db%81-%d8%b9%d9%86%db%81-%da%a9%db%92-%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%db%81%d8%a7/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">حضرت عمر فاروق رضی اللہ عنہ کے اجتہاد</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%da%a9%db%8c%d8%a7-%da%a9%d9%84%d9%85%db%81-%d8%b7%db%8c%d8%a8%db%81-%d9%be%da%91%da%be-%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d8%a7-%db%81%db%8c-%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%a9%db%92-%d9%84%d8%a6%db%92-%da%a9%d8%a7/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">کیا کلمہ طیبہ پڑھ لینا ہی نجات کے لئے کافی ہے؟</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%af%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d8%b3%d8%a8-%d8%b3%db%92-%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%b3%db%92-%d8%a8%da%91%da%be%d9%86%db%92-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%85%d8%b0%db%81%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d8%b3/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">دنیا کا سب سے تیزی سے بڑھنے والا مذہب اسلام</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;">ا<a href="http://salaamone.com/islam-40-objections-answered/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">سلام پر چاليس(40) اعتراضات کے عقلی و نقلی جواب</a></span></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 style="text-align: right;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">فرقہ واریت </span></strong></h2>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/first-step-end-sectarianism/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">فرقہ واریت کا خاتمہ : پہلا قدم</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-%da%a9%d9%88%d9%86%d8%9f-who-is-real-muslim/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">مسلمان کون؟</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/life-wasted/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">عمر ضائع کردی</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/fiqh-ikhtelaf-itehad/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">اختلاف فقه اور اتحاد مسلم</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%a8%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%84%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%af%db%8c%d9%88-%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c%e2%80%8e%e2%80%8e-%da%a9%d9%88%d9%86-%db%81%db%8c%da%ba%d8%9f-who-are-barelvi-and-deobandi/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">بریلوی , دیو بندی کون ہیں؟</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/bidaah-1/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">بدعت ، بدا، 1</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/bidah-2-ahadees/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">بدعت – اَحاديث و اَقوالِ اَئمہ -2</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <a href="http://salaamone.com/secterian-narratives2/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> فرقہ وارانہ مذہبی بیانیوں پر مختصر تبصرہ</a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/sectarianism-islam/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">فرقہ واریت – تاویلیں، دلائل اور تجزیہ</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%84%db%8c%d8%af-%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b9%db%8c-%d8%ad%db%8c%d8%ab%db%8c%d8%aa-taqleed-ki-sharie-haseyet/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">تقلید کی شرعی حیثیت</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/muqlid-ghair-muqalid/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">مقلدین اورغیر مقلدین</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%a7%d9%8e%db%81%d9%92%d9%84%d9%8f-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%91%d9%8f%d9%86%d9%91%d9%8e%db%83-%d9%88%d9%8e%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%92%d8%ac%d9%8e%d9%85%d9%8e%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8e%db%83-%da%a9/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">اَہْلُ السُّنَّۃ وَالْجَمَاعَۃ‘‘ کون؟</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%da%a9%db%8c%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae%db%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85-%da%a9%db%8c-%d8%a8%d9%86%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af-%db%81%d9%88/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="کیا تاریخی واقعات دین اسلام کی بنیاد ہو سکتے ہیں؟"><span style="background-color: white;">تاریخی واقعات دین اسلام کی بنیاد ؟</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://rejectionists.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">شیعہ عقائد اور اسلام</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://forum.mohaddis.com/threads/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%92-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%92-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA.33473/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">شیعیت-عقائد-و-نظریات</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://takfiritaliban.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">تکفیری، خوارج فتنہ </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/counter-sectarianism/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">انسداد فرقہ واریت</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/khmanai-respect-sunni-caliphs-no-blood-maatim/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="امام خامنہ ای – خونی ماتم ممنوع اور اہلسنت مقدسات کی توھین حرام"><span style="background-color: white;">امام خامنہ ای – خونی ماتم ممنوع</span></a></li>
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<h2 style="text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">اخلاقیات </span></h2>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%da%a9%d8%a8%db%8c%d8%b1%db%81-%da%af%d9%86%d8%a7%db%81-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a2%d9%86-major-sins-in-quran/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">کبیرہ گناہ اور قرآن</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%b1%d8%b4%d9%88%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b0%d9%84%d8%aa-%d9%88-%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a6%db%8c-%d8%a8%d9%86%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b1/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">رشوت خوری کا انجام ذلت و رسوائی</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/salander-lies-sin/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">غیبت، جھوٹ اور بہتان بازی سنگین گناہ</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%8c-%d8%a8%d8%ae%d8%b4%d8%b4%d8%8c-%d8%a7%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%db%92-salvation-faith/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">نجات، بخشش، ایمان اور اعمال – مغالطے</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d8%b1%d8%b4%d9%88%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%b1%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b0%d9%84%d8%aa-%d9%88-%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a6%db%8c-%d8%a8%d9%86%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b1/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;"> بنی اسرائیل اور آج کے مسلمان</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/nafas/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">نفس کی غلامی</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/child-abuse/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">بچیوں کی حرمت - معاشرہ کی ذمہ داری </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/niqab-hijab-veil-shariah/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">نقاب ، حجاب: قرآن , حدیث اور اجماع</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/niqab-%d9%86%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%8c-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a8/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">نقاب ، حجاب</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/enjoin-good-forbid-evil/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">امر معروف</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%8c-%d9%85%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%8c-%d9%86%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%81-%d8%8c-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%aa%d8%8c-%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%ab/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="وفات، میت ، نماز جنازہ ، تعزیت، ایصال ثواب ، مسائل"><span style="background-color: white;">وفات، میت ، نماز جنازہ ، تعزیت</span></a></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: right;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;"> متفرق </span></strong></div>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/dont-probe-too-much-%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">فضول سوالات اور بحث</a> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/anti-islam-propaganda-social-media/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">سوشل میڈیا :اسلام دشمن ڈسکشن </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/social-media-etiquette/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">سوشل میڈیا پر ڈسکشن کے آداب</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://ilhaad.com/category/mazhab/khuda/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">خدا اور الحاد </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp" href="http://salaamone.com/asma-jahangir/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">عاصمہ جہانگیر </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://pakistan-posts.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">پاکستان نامہ </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/pakistan-spiritual-aspects/" rel="bookmark noopener" target="_blank" title="پاکستان کے روحانی پہلو ۔۔ ! Pakistan – Spiritual Aspects"><span style="background-color: white;">پاکستان کے روحانی پہلو </span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/03/urdu-books.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">فری کتب </span></a></li>
</ol>
<h2 style="text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: small;">امن اور جنگ </span></h2>
<article class="post excerpt"><ol>
<li style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/american-christian-zionism-sehoneyat/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">صیہونی مسیحیت </a>Christian Zionism: پروٹسٹنٹ عیسائیت کے اندر سب سے بڑی، سب سے زیادہ متنازع اور سب سے زیادہ تباہ کن تحریک ہے- یہ مشرق وسطی میں کشیدگی کو برقرار رکھنے، اسرائیلی کے تمييز عنصريapartheid، استعمارپسندانہ ایجنڈا اور اسرائیل اور فلسطینیوں کے درمیان امن کے امکانات کے عمل کوکمزورکرنے میں بنیادی طور پر ذمہ دارہے-امن عالم کے لیے یہ تحریک سب سے بڑا خطرہ ہے-</span></li>
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<li style="text-align: right;"><a href="http://salaamone.com/bible-war/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white;">بائبل آیات جنگ </span></a></li>
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</article><div style="text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white;">کیٹگریز </span></div>
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</ol><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Free Books Download Link</b></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a href="https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld" style="font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.1px;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/BooksDwnld</a></div></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start;"><b>Free eBooks pdf- Download Link-2:</b> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne " style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; pointer-events: none; text-align: start;">https://bit.ly/eBooks4FreeSalaamOne</span></span><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: start;"> </span></a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: none; letter-spacing: 0.1px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div></article></header></article></article></header></article></header></article></article></article></header></article></header></article></header></article></header></article></header></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-66186336017636787972021-03-20T23:30:00.000-07:002023-09-21T08:50:34.420-07:00The Last Book or Books? ( Abstract )<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXM0a-LuNxNTbyO0ITre_EDtj10LFNTILYdEHPZJhcF4dU0iI98DbVcrfi4-qr6KbMbzBHrvItIi5PVUDXSJndQYUrVg3bwZB2csssMhH18k-7MKUkJd9HCE9YJvIBw86cBbzUDECoDbE4/s1600/Last+Book+or+Books+z2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="991" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXM0a-LuNxNTbyO0ITre_EDtj10LFNTILYdEHPZJhcF4dU0iI98DbVcrfi4-qr6KbMbzBHrvItIi5PVUDXSJndQYUrVg3bwZB2csssMhH18k-7MKUkJd9HCE9YJvIBw86cBbzUDECoDbE4/w246-h320/Last+Book+or+Books+z2.jpg" width="246" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The Study of Great Deviation and Pious Deceit</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 4pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Plea to Return to the Perfected Islam of Ist Century Hijrah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">By Brigadier Aftab Ahmad Khan (r)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "impact"; font-size: 24pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Abstract</span></h1><div><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 4pt; text-align: center;"><iframe height="1000px" src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRBz94q9sxxttVOZgkVtdodtoTfnqZ39VAL5i56zBK9IPDbBW0ar3Ua2X4N9KOuJek-RmQPCpWWYDMt/pub?embedded=true" style="text-align: left;" width="100%"></iframe></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-ab39415f-7fff-cb32-a323-63b3877c8cef"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Study/ Research Paper - Download / Read Online :</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://bit.ly/2Io7slf" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/2Io7slf</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Merriweather,serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">References / Links for further studies:</span></h3>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><div role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-left: 3.84pt; margin-top: 4pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Last Book or Books? The Study of Great Deviation and Pious Deceit Plea to Return to the Perfected Islam of Ist Century Hijrah: </span><a href="https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/last-book/" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/last-book/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hadith As Scripture , Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam Book By Aisha Y. Musa, Phd </span><a href="http://bit.ly/2uHO2EC" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/2uHO2EC</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hadith Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World By Jonathan A. C. Brown - Notes :</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://bit.ly/38I7eQo" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/38I7eQo</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hadith prohibited Hadith </span><a href="https://lampofislam.wordpress.com/2016/03/24/hadith-prohibited-hadith/" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://lampofislam.wordpress.com/2016/03/24/hadith-prohibited-hadith/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hadith A Re-Evaluation By Kassim Ahmad, Translated from the Malay original by Syed Akbar Ali 1997 </span><a href="http://bit.ly/3cjhSjH" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/3cjhSjH</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hadith Fabrications - 63 </span><a href="http://bit.ly/38fgwDq" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/38fgwDq</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">مقدس جھوٹ اور جعل سازیاں : </span><a href="http://bit.ly/3a92u7B" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://bit.ly/3a92u7B</span></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-66607078783761432402021-03-01T10:31:00.001-08:002023-02-07T08:59:42.542-08:00Books by Fazlur Rehman<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcMIitjfy9pXemL0KNtfOMtuaVmEaB4XQYwq5wXlNoxtiYMrorMNw6Rtla1FjwqKJowWy-FGJ08_5OoXees3tULGh0R1--f2-GwrJqLWyoGct_QPNi-EYa7m5H9Ramk-E-XMNKVeBm3X4j1znMJ-N8OUVN02EMY3cg30zlS-wzyWMFWDvIlERVr9uHMQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="800" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhcMIitjfy9pXemL0KNtfOMtuaVmEaB4XQYwq5wXlNoxtiYMrorMNw6Rtla1FjwqKJowWy-FGJ08_5OoXees3tULGh0R1--f2-GwrJqLWyoGct_QPNi-EYa7m5H9Ramk-E-XMNKVeBm3X4j1znMJ-N8OUVN02EMY3cg30zlS-wzyWMFWDvIlERVr9uHMQ" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">Fazlur Rahman Malik</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">: </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">فضل الرحمان ملک</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">) (September 21, 1919 – July 26, 1988) generally known as </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">Fazlur Rahman</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"> was a well-known scholar of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">.</span></div>
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Rahman was born in the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazara_District,_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Hazara District, Pakistan (page does not exist)">Hazara District</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North West Frontier Province</a> (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>) of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British India">British India</a> (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. . His father, Maulana Shihab al-Din, was a well-known scholar of the time who had studied at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoband" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deoband">Deoband</a> and had achieved the rank of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27alim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="'alim">alim</a>, through his studies of Islamic law (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Qur'an">Qur'anic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a>, logic, philosophy and other subjects).</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 17.92px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">
Rahman studied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of the Punjab">Punjab University</a>, and went on to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> where he wrote a dissertation on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>. Afterwards, he began a teaching career, first at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> where he taught <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> and Islamic philosophy, and then at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> where he taught Islamic studies until 1961.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 17.92px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 17.92px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In that year, he returned to Pakistan at the behest of President <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayub_Khan(Field_Marshall)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayub Khan(Field Marshall) (page does not exist)">Ayub Khan</a> to head up the Central Institute of Islamic Research in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi,_Pakistan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karachi, Pakistan">Karachi</a>which was set up by the Pakistani government in order to implement Islam into the daily dealings of the nation. However, due to the political situation in Pakistan, Rahman was hindered from making any progress in this endeavour, and he resigned from the post in September 1968. He then returned to teaching, moving to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> and teaching at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> as a visiting professor for a year. He moved to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1969 and established himself there becoming the Harold H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of Islamic Thought. At Chicago he was instrumental for building a strong <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> Studies program that continues to be among the best in the world. Rahman also became a proponent for a reform of the Islamic polity and was an advisor to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>. Rahman died in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> July 26, 1988 at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">University of Chicago Medical Center</a> from complications of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_bypass" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coronary bypass">coronary bypass</a>surgery. A resident of suburban <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville, Illinois</a> at his death, he is buried in Arlington Cemetery, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmhurst,_Illinois" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elmhurst, Illinois">Elmhurst, Illinois</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #252525; line-height: 17.92px;">Since Rahman's death his writings have continued to be popular among scholars of Islam and the Near East. His contributions to the University of Chicago are still evident in its excellent programs in these areas. In his memory, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies_at_the_University_of_Chicago" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 17.92px; text-decoration: none;" title="Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago">Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago</a><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #252525; line-height: 17.92px;"> named its common area after him, due to his many years of service at the Center and at the University of Chicago at large. [</span><span style="line-height: 17.92px; text-align: left;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #252525;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik</span></span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #252525; line-height: 17.92px;">]</span><br />
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</td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. </span><a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Avicenna-s-Psychology.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Avicenna-s-Psychology.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [</span><a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Avicenna-s-Psychology.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fazlur_Rehman</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">]</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span></span></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2.<a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Islam-Modernity.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;">Islam-Modernity.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [</span><a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Islam-Modernity.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fazlur_Rehman</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">]</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span></span></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.<a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Islamic-Methodology-in-History.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Islamic-Methodology-in-History.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [</span><a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Islamic-Methodology-in-History.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fazlur_Rehman</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">]</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span></span></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.<a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Major-Themes-of-the-Qur-an.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Major-Themes-of-the-Qur-an.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [</span><a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Major-Themes-of-the-Qur-an.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fazlur_Rehman</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">]</span></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span></span></td><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5.<a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Some-Key-Ethical-Concepts-of-the-Qur-an.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;" target="_blank">Some-Key-Ethical-Concepts-of-the-Qur-an.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span></span><a href="http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Fazlur_Rehman/Fazlur_Rehman-Some-Key-Ethical-Concepts-of-the-Qur-an.pdf" style="font-family: Arial; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #1155cc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fazlur_Rehman</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">]
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://t.me/QuranAhkaam" target="_blank">The </a>Message of Fazlur Rahman </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">by M Yahya Birt</span></b></div>
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INTRODUCTION</span></div>
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For all those Muslim Researchers out there, I would like to offer Fazlur Rahman as a paradigm of the modern committed Muslim intellectual. Often we hear the tired litany of historical triumphalism, ‘we gave the scientific and philosophical impetus to the European Enlightenment.’ This is no doubt true. But to say this when Muslims have fallen into the deepest intellectual stagnation, which no amount of self-defeating rhetoric can hide, we must face the uncomfortable truth: within modern accumulations of knowledge lie some of the tools for our intellectual re- ignition and renewal. This is something that Fazlur Rahman recognised, and, in this sense, he is a torch-bearer. For insight, independence of thought, and crucially, unremitting courage, his work bears repeated examination. His bravery is borne out by the fact that he was criticised by all sides, as well as praised by many. If I might begin with a brief outline of his life.</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman (1911-88) was probably the most learned of the major Muslim thinkers in the second-half of the twentieth century, in terms of both classical Islam and Western philosophical and theological discourse. He came from a Punjabi family steeped in traditional Islamic learning; and then went on to familiarise himself with modern critical thinking at Oxford under H.A.R. Gibb and Van Der Bergh. In general, he was a committed teacher and research scholar (he was particularly innovative in Avicennian studies) with spells at Durham, McGill (Montreal) and California. From 1969 until his death, he held the post of Professor of Islamic Thought at the University of Chicago, and so far has been the only Muslim to receive the prestigious Giorgio Levi Della Vida prize (1983). A disastrous spell in Pakistan during the 1960s, attempting to reform the teaching of Islam at tertiary level there, led to a systematic attempt, when Fazlur Rahman returned to North America, to re-evaluate his religious heritage. He is virtually unknown outside of intellectual circles, not having been a scholar-activist like his contemporary, Isma‘il al-Faruqi (d. 1986). It remains to be seen whether Muslims by pondering his works will be inspired to popularise his ideas. Tonight, I hope to offer a critical appraisal of the pithy essence of his message, and in so doing, to demonstrate that Fazlur Rahman offered a constructive vision for rethinking our heritage. I hope to show that even if we use some of the modern critical tools of historical enquiry, that the results can be intellectually liberating, yet Islamically consistent.</span></div>
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By reviewing Fazlur Rahman’s works, it is hoped that the following contentions will be demonstrated. Firstly, it is argued that Fazlur Rahman’s approach was broadly in line with a ‘historicism’ that emerged in nineteenth-century Europe i.e. the view that the classics of one’s own society embody basic truths that must be reformulated to meet new circumstances. Put simply, Fazlur Rahman’s historicism was comprised of three stages: first, to understand the historical processes by which Islam has come to assume the form which it has today; second, in analysing this process to distinguish between essential principles and their particular formation as a result of specific needs of now probably outmoded social, economic and political contexts; and third, to consider how best to apply the essential principles of Islam after a critical assessment of the contemporary period. I have only spoken very briefly about this third stage, towards the end.</span></div>
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Secondly, it is argued throughout that this historicism is basically ethical in its manner of assessment. Given the basic definition of historicism mentioned above, to coin the term ‘ethical historicism’ may seem tautological. However, it is merely to emphasize Fazlur Rahman’s insistence that a meaningful assessment of the past can only be made with reference to a transcendent set of ethics. Fazlur Rahman saw himself as moving away from the particularities of the inherited Islamic tradition to abstracting general ethical principles which could be extracted from the Qur’an. It is the Qur’an that judges not only the Muslim past but adjudicates its present and presents the model blueprint for its future. For Fazlur Rahman, the Qur’an ‘is not a book of abstract ethics, neither is it the legal document that Muslim lawyers made it out to be. It is a work of moral admonition through and through.’ (1985a:8)</span></div>
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In a mainly descriptive exercise, it is hoped that a detailed outline of this ethical historicism can be sketched, with relevant examples from Fazlur Rahman’s oeuvre to illustrate how each of the three stages worked.</span></div>
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A NOTE ON ETHICAL HISTORICISM</span></div>
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Initially, it would be useful to note what is meant by historicism. Hamilton (1996:2) defines it as ‘a reaction to the practice of deducing from first principles truths about how people are obliged to organise themselves socially and politically. The natural laws governing human behaviour at all times are formulated and cultures evaluated by the degree to which they approximate this ideal pattern.’ Formulating answers to these questions by the general systematic activity of building explanatory historical theories has been around, in the Western tradition, since Thucydides until the present day. Currently, however, there is a growing rejection of ‘the modernist project of constructing a universal, rational, scientific basis for natural, social, and historical knowledge and for political action.’ (Lloyd 1993:3) Fazlur Rahman (1982:8-9) entered this debate by defending historicism, founded upon the Qur’an, against a chief critic of this form of modernist narrative, Hans Georg Gadamer. This will be discussed more fully later on. It should not be thought that such a three-stage method as Fazlur Rahman’s is in disrepute in Western academic circles; it is only the Islamic bases of his historicism that marks it out as unusual. That Fazlur Rahman’s historicism was basically reformist in relation to Muslim thought was most markedly shown by the death sentence he received for his subversive thought from Pakistani ‘ulama’ in the 1960s, the most extreme manifestation of a generally hostile reaction in traditionalist Muslim circles.</span></div>
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Whilst Fazlur Rahman wrote innumerable articles and books , he indicated himself which books he viewed as pivotal to what I have described as ethical historicism. In Islamic Methodology in History (1965:ix-x), Fazlur Rahman critically assesses what he regards as the four basic principles of Islamic thinking: the Qur’an, the Sunna, ijtihad, and ijma‘. He also tries to look at the actual working through of these four principles in history. How these principles can be combined and applied, ‘can no longer be concealed behind the conventional medieval theory’. (ix) The work sets out to ‘indicate the way for further Islamic developments.’ (x) In the introduction to Islam and Modernity, he has made, in his own words, ‘an effort to enunciate a satisfactory hermeneutical method for the Qur’an’ as ‘normative criterion-referents for all expressions and understandings of Islam.’ (1985b:198) As noted in his review (1984) of Western writings on the Qur’an, Fazlur Rahman attempts make up for ‘the relative lack of attention to the content and message of the Qur’an’ (74) in his Major Themes of the Qur’an. He tries to avoid an atomistic or chronological account and instead make a ‘synthetic exposition’. (1980:xi) The extraction of various ethical principles allows Fazlur Rahman to make various recommendations in the above-mentioned works, and in other articles about the application of Islam in the contemporary world. It has been shown, therefore, that Fazlur Rahman consciously developed an ethical historicism, and aimed to create such a system through cumulative and directed researches, especially in the later part of his academic career. Perhaps, I am only able to offer a precis tonight, often without many of the corroborating examples that Fazlur Rahman gave. Those who are interested should look further into his work.</span></div>
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RE-ASSESSMENT OF THE HERITAGE</span></div>
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In the early 1960s, Fazlur Rahman was appointed by President Ayub Khan to the post of Director of the Central Institute for Islamic Research with a view to establishing a reformist syllabus for Islamic tertiary education in Pakistan. Later, he recounted his disappointment that for structural reasons, he could not effect serious change during his tenure (1962-68). (1982:123) In terms of the development of his views on re-assessing his Islamic heritage, he undertook thorough research, dedicated towards building religiously-committed but critical scholarship in Pakistan (and the Muslim world in general) that was on a par with scholarship in the Western academy, by looking at the basic tools of Islamic intellectual enquiry. These core tools were the Qur’an, Sunna, ijtihad and ijma‘. What Fazlur Rahman’s assessment in the 1960s has in common with his later thinking is a willingness to re-assert the primacy of the Qur’an over all the other sources by showing how it has been over-ruled by secondary sources. There is not sufficient time to analyse critically the veracity of all his historical analyses; the main focus in this section is to look at the general direction of his re-assessment, and its implications for his Qur’anic hermeneutics (see below).</span></div>
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The Sunna is defined as a behavioural concept, yet it is not just a law of behaviour but also a normative moral law. He rebuts the assertion of Western scholars, in the case of the Sunna, that practice precedes the normative status it acquires. Instead he defends it by appeal to logic : surely these practices would not been initiated, if the element of normativeness had not been prior to their inception. Sunna, translated as ‘exemplary conduct’, originally implied the setting up of a model; but it neither implied the necessity of following it, nor did its moral normativeness follow automatically (for there is the idea of a bad Sunna in tradition). The idea of correct conduct is closely related, however, to the setting of an example. He accepts the conclusion of Western researches on the Sunna, that in content it is composed of continued tribal customs and the free- thinking activity of early jurists on the incorporation of new elements from other Late Antique cultures; and in later centuries there was much fabrication of Hadith. However, it is wrong to conclude that the concept of Sunna did not start from the very beginning; and that it covered not only the Sunna of the Prophet himself, but the interpretations of the Prophetic Sunna. Whatever original Prophetic content there was in the Sunna, it was neither large, nor specific. In later centuries, Sunna became co-extensive with the ijma‘ of the community and the success of the mass-scale Hadith movement destroyed the flexible early relations between Sunna, ijtihad and ijma‘. It is argued (1965:10-11) that the Sira reveals the Prophet not to have been a pan-legalist at all. Firstly, he was mainly a moral reformer, and very rarely resorted to general legislation (as the paucity of specifically legislative verses in the Qur’an suggests). Secondly, when he intervened in a legal manner, it was generally in an ad hoc rather than in any systematic fashion, in a way that was entirely situational. So with this analysis, Fazlur Rahman concludes that the Prophet did not lay down rules for the minutiae of life, and so it follows that he intervened in events in a way which can only be seen as normative in a general sense. So the Sunna here becomes ancillary to the Qur’an, and is characterised as a loose umbrella-concept which informs particular interpretations in future settings.</span></div>
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The early generations of Muslims developed an elaborated and specific code of human behaviour through a process, ra’y (personal considered opinion), that wins Fazlur Rahman’s whole-hearted approval for its intellectual creativity. This very creativity produced much regional divergence in what was accepted as the Sunna of different regions. Intellectual and religious élites became concerned with this increasing divergence in Sunna, and promoted a more controlled form of systematic reasoning (qiyas). In contrast, the jurists of the early schools of law like Imam Malik, writing in the eight century, used Sunna and ijma‘ almost interchangeably to mean both his opinions and the views/practices of the people of Medina. Thus for Imam Malik, Sunna is simply what came to be accepted by the consent of the Muslim community. This gains Fazlur Rahman’s approval because ‘[t]he actual content of the Sunna of the early generations of Muslims was largely the product of Ijtihad when this Ijtihad, through an incessant interaction of opinion, developed the character of general acceptance or consensus of the Community, i.e. ijma‘.’ (1965:18) The eighth-century aphorism, ‘the Sunna decides upon the Qur’an, the Qur’an does not decide upon the Sunna’, thus gains real force for Fazlur Rahman. He interprets this in a way that gives primacy to continuing rational reflection upon the Qur’an.</span></div>
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The Community, under the direction of the spirit (not the absolute letter) in which the Prophet acted in a given historical situation, shall authoritatively interpret and assign meaning to the Revelation. [author’s italics] (1965:20)</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman condemns the post-Shafi‘i consensus that the Sunna is not a living practice of interpretation, that instead it goes back to the ideal Sunna of the Prophet which has then been progressively interpreted by ra’y and qiyas. He sees it as disastrous that al-Shafi‘i's arguments concerning ijma‘ came to be widely accepted; namely that consensus had to be so total that it left no room for disagreement. Positively contrasted with this definition of ijma‘ is the earlier one of the ancient legal schools: ijma‘ is a continuous process (not a state) which requires informality and the continued existence of disagreement. In other words, ijma‘ is naturally linked with the continuous effort of ijtihad, so that the area of agreement can be widened. In place of a living and organic movement (Sunna>>ijtihad>> ijma‘), the Sunna became ideal, literal and specific; which could only be transmitted through Hadith. Thus instead of seeing ijma‘ as a natural outcome of ijtihad, al-Shafi‘i reversed the order into ijma‘>>ijtihad. Ijma‘ became ‘static and backward-looking’. (1965:25) The acceptance of this form of static consensus established great stability, but only ‘at the cost of creativity and originality.’ (loc.cit.)</span></div>
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It is important to defend a misapprehension about Fazlur Rahman here. He does not deny that the Hadith do not go back to the Prophet’s time. However, he does say that the idea of Hadith that we have inherited is a latter one. The lawyers of the ancient schools of law like Abu Yusuf, Awza‘i and Malik based their legal work on the ‘living Sunnah’ and through personal judgement interpreted their materials freely to elaborate the law. The emerging Hadith-movement, however, saw their task as reporting, with the purpose of promoting legal fixity and permanence. In the extant works of the second century, most of the legal and moral traditions are not from the Prophet but are traced back to the Companions; however as the decades passed these traditions came to be ascribed to the Prophet himself, perhaps inwardly propelled by their definition of authenticity. The early lawyers resisted this trend. They maintained different criteria. For instance, Awza‘i regarded Hadith of the Prophet and the living Sunnah as having the same fundamental obligatoriness.</span></div>
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The nature of the emerging Hadith-movement can be proven by one well-known fact, undisputed even by the most orthodox of Muslims. The classical traditionalists themselves argued that ‘moral maxims and edifying statements and aphorisms may be attributed to the Prophet irrespective of whether this attribution is strictly historical or not.’ (1965:44) Most of the Hadith corpus is, in fact, the Sunnah-Ijtihad of the first generations which after a serious struggle received the sanction of ijma‘, or the adherence of the majority of the Community. In addition to the necessary chains of narrators growing backwards, the nature of the corpus changed also: the living Sunnah had been primarily geared towards behavorial norms, but the Hadith came to incorporate legal norms, religious beliefs and principles as well.</span></div>
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It is natural that the audience might feel consternation at this interpretation, and those who are familiar with Joseph Schacht, will recognise his influence here. However, Fazlur Rahman is not saying that Hadith are unhistorical or even that if they are historical, they lack legal normativeness. For him, this is the apologetic stance of the modernist overwhelmed and enticed by the prospect of Progress, with a capital P, who is therefore guilty of wanting to throw the baby out with the bath- water. Of course, he realises that if all Hadith were to be given up, then all that would remain is an unbridgeable gap between us and the Prophet. The Qur’an would then become subjective putty in our hands, to be moulded into any shape that we desired. What anchors the Qur’an is the Prophetic activity itself. Although the technical Hadith, as opposed to the historical and biographical Hadith, are mostly not historical; they still remain normative. How?</span></div>
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On a logical basis, if those Hadith which define the Islamic Methodology itself - Hadith about principles of Ijma‘ and the role and status of Hadith themselves - prove unhistorical, then the prama facie case for the historicity of the most other Hadith fails.</span></div>
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To say that Hadith are mostly unhistorical is not to posit a gigantic conspiracy. The question to ask is whether the Hadith-movement saw its task as strictly historical in the first place. The Prophetic Hadith, ‘Whatever of good saying there be, I can be taken to have said it’ refers not only to moral Hadith but also to all Hadith that have moral implications, including political and legal ones. For al-Nawawi, it was a principle that Hadith arousing pious feeling ought not to be rejected. Even the famous Hadith which orders the acceptance those Hadith which are in accordance with the Qur’an, does not argue for historicity. Therefore, the ‘Hadith represent the integrated spirit of the Prophetic teaching - it represents the living Sunnah.’ (1965:74)</span></div>
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Even if the Hadith are not strictly historical, they still remain closely attached, being a record of the living Sunnah which contains the general Prophetic model, and the regionally- standardised interpretations of that model. The diversity of Hadith reflects the continuous activity of personal ijtihad and Ijma‘ of the early period. Of course, the living Sunnah was a process, while the Hadith attempted to ‘confer absolute permanence on the living Sunnah synthesis of the first three centuries.’ (1965:75)</span></div>
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Hadith represent, therefore, ‘the sum total of aphorisms formulated and put out by Muslims themselves, ostensibly about the Prophet although not without an ultimate touch from the Prophet.’ (1965:75) These Hadith may not go back verbally to the Prophet, but their spirit certainly does. They represent not forgeries but progressive interpretations according to situation and context.</span></div>
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Worries may arise, if this interpretation is accepted, about the impossibility of discerning the Prophetic content within the Hadith. Such a concern is unfounded in Fazlur Rahman’s view. There remain (besides the Qur’an) many undeniable historical contents of the Prophetic Sunnah like the five pillars and the Historical hadith relating to the biography of the Prophet. However, this material will allow a successful attempt to discern the purely Prophetic elements in the technical Hadiths, relating to fundamental principles, which are often without context.</span></div>
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This conception of the living Sunnah represents Fazlur Rahman’s most distinctive (or infamous, depending on your point of view) contribution to the renewal of Islamic thought. And it is absolutely essential to a re-understanding that enables rational meditation upon the ethical injunctions of the Qur’an so that they can be eternally renewed. Many instances of this rational meditation upon the Qur’an can be found from the earliest days e.g. during the Caliphate of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab. During the Prophet’s time, in a clearly attested Sunnah, the booty of conquered tribes who did not peacefully surrender, was to be redistributed as booty. ‘Umar forbade the extension of this to the conquered territories of Iraq and Eygpt on the basis of the general Qur’anic injunction towards justice (59:10 - see Rahman 1965:180) which could not permit the neglect of these populations and future generations, for the short-term gain of the Arabs. Umar did so to implement the essence of the Prophet’s Sunnah.</span></div>
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QUR’ANIC HERMENEUTICS</span></div>
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In Islam and Modernity (1982:1-11), Fazlur Rahman defends his view of the philosophical possibilities of a genuine hermeneutical exercise which allows one to understand truly the mind of the Qur’an. Fazlur Rahman is perfectly prepared to defend a modernist conception of history in terms of his role as a professional historian, as well as that of a devout believer. Revelation generally, but the Qur’an ‘pre-eminently so’ (1982:4), ‘inspires [an] irreducible attitude of the mind called faith, which is both captivating and demanding.’ (loc.cit.) Fazlur Rahman’s Qur’anic hermeneutics, in its general aims, follows the traditional Muslim exegesis. That is to develop a method which allows Muslims, who have faith and commitment, to practise scriptural values from the level of the individual to society at large. He believes that pure cognition can be separated from emotive faith, and that practically, Muslims as well as non-Muslims can, with adequate sympathy and sincerity, attain a genuine understanding of the Qur’an’s message. Of course, only Muslims can have the motivation of faith to live by it.</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman’s re-evaluation of Muslim intellectual meditation upon the sources has already been mentioned earlier. It remains to outline Fazlur Rahman’s method of the stages of Qur’anic hermeneutics (in themselves), and then to discuss Fazlur Rahman’s objections to Western philosophical and historical criticisms of his schema. Firstly, the Qur’an is a response to early stages of the Islamic community that were historically recorded, and it consists of moral, religious, and social directives in answer to specific problems of that time. Most Qur’anic responses to questions or problems are ‘stated in terms of an explicit or semi-explicit ratio legis.’ (1982:5-6) By examining the occasions of revelation, one can come to understand the rationale for such answers and then deduce general laws. Fazlur Rahman accepts the adage common to most Qur’anic commentators that although an injunction might have been occasioned by a certain situation, it is nevertheless universal in its general application (1982:17); with the proviso that this always meant in principle rather than in terms of the literal wording. Fazlur Rahman thinks, somewhat optimistically perhaps, that he can avoid the endless circular controversies about the provenance of particular verses that came from an atomistic approach in the past. One should understand the meaning of the Qur’an as a whole , in terms of specific tenets that are responses to the particular conditions during revelation, and any analysis of those conditions must involve a wide appreciation of modern scholarship on the whole Middle East of Late Antiquity. Then one should generalise the specific answers into general principles that reflect fully not only the weltanschauung (world- view), but the élan of the Qur’an. Previous interpretations are only to be regarded as secondary materials which are useful when necessary, but are strictly to be judged in the light of the Qur’an itself, especially as these interpretations hardened, multiplied and became more subjective as time went on. The next step is to embody the general ‘in the present concrete socio-economic context.’ (1982:7) This involves a double-checking of the elucidation of these general principles,</span></div>
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[f]or if the results in understanding fail in application now, then either there has been a failure to assess the present situation correctly or a failure in understanding the Qur’an.’ (loc.cit.) For it is not possible that something that could be and actually was realized in the specific texture of the past, cannot, allowing for the difference in the specifics of the present situation, be realized in the present context - where allowing for the difference in the specifics of the current situation includes both changing the rules of the past in conformity with the altered situation of the present (provided this changing does not violate the general principles and values derived from the past) and changing the current situation, where necessary, so it is brought into conformity with these general principles and values.’ (loc.cit.)</span></div>
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This is a crucial passage, I think for three reasons. Firstly, it indicates that Fazlur Rahman was hardly a cultural traitor or a religious hypocrite (as he was often accused of being by Muslims), but someone who was not prepared to accept all change if it clashed with Qur’anic core-values. It is very easy to miss the conservatism in his dynamism. Secondly, the manner of his description indicates a cyclical movement, and an oscillation through time between general principles and particular applications and therefore shows a holistic tendency in his thought. Thirdly, it is difficult to see where his analysis of conditions past and present ends and where his search for general principles begins. The suspicion remains, therefore, that Fazlur Rahman sets out to look for what he wants rather too obviously. The Qur’an is to be read in order to elicit a reformist programme of action, and everything is directed into a very Sunnite orientation towards praxis. As Kenneth Cragg (1985:93-94) notes that there is an acceptance of the command of God while assuming, and not really exploring the grounds which make this acceptance necessary. Fazlur Rahman sees the functionality of the Qur’an but sometimes seems to have less regard for its meditative and worshipful modes.</span></div>
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In selecting examples of general principles, it is obviously best to pick those which Fazlur Rahman sees as most central to the spirit of the Qur’an. There is little doubt for him that the ‘central concern of the Qur’an is the conduct of man.’ (1982:14; 1980:1-3, x) In this concern, the prominent motifs of the Judgement Day and even belief in God have a strictly functional role. No real morality is possible without the regulatory reminders of God and the Last Day: the ‘very moral function requires that they exist for religio-moral experience and cannot be mere intellectual postulates to be believed in. ’ (1982:14) The Qur’an is concerned with the conduct of humans in this world, and God exists in the mind of the believer to control his or her behaviour, if they have had a religious and moral experience. The key human response to this purpose of the Qur’an must be a sense of taqwa, or ‘deep God consciousness’, as Fazlur Rahman translates it. Such an attitude is symbolised in the Sunna (exemplary conduct) of the Prophet, and is naturally related to a morally-ordered society. This is to be negatively contrasted with secularism which intrinsically precludes any such order. For Fazlur Rahman, the only way humanity can create a society beholden to real moral order is to live under the rule of God; but only in the sense that moral rules are transcendent (their objectivity is vouchsafed by the Deity), and are not subject to change according to wilful human desires.</span></div>
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RAHMAN CONTRA THE HISTORIANS</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman says that the non-Muslim historical approach has its utility, but it has ‘little to do with any understanding of the Qur’an and its ideas - on the contrary, it tends to cloud and distort that content.’ (1979a:131) The concern with content, is for Fazlur Rahman, precisely the extraction of those timeless ethical principles, which remains an interpretative exercise to be attempted after filtering out the historical instantiations of the Qur’an. This interpretive exercise is solely the prerogative of believing Muslims. Why is this the case?</span></div>
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In looking at religions, one is attempting to understand a phenomenon that consists in values, convictions and feelings that involve the utmost depths of the human mind. Of course religions have observable expressions and institutionalised manifestations, but it is the meaning of these that is at issue. Must the outsider’s attitude not necessarily be empathic and participatory? Fazlur Rahman wants to make a distinction between the meaning of a proposition that can be understood to be universally true, even if it is reported to one who has no had direct experience of it; and the understanding of the meaning of a proposition which may not be universally understood. As will become clear later on, it is essential for Fazlur Rahman’s whole system of ‘ethical historicism’ to allow for the possibility of understanding other minds and their textual traces, even if a enquirer does not share the religious convictions of those whom he studies. For a meaning to be understood, then it has to become meaningful to someone, so that it ceases to be purely impersonal. In one sense, something can be meaningful even in an antagonistic way. In other words, a Muslim and a non-Muslim can temporarily comprehend one another, but can a real understanding emerge from such a temporary identification? Fazlur Rahman thinks this is ‘impossible in the final analysis.’ (1985b:192) What is possible is</span></div>
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not a religious experience but a quasi-scientific (intellectual) knowledge of a religious experience where the normativeness or authority of the experience vanishes, but something of its direct effect upon the experiencing subject (including the latter’s report of it can be preserved and made accessible to others. The experience as a living and integral whole, therefore, cannot be conveyed by a historian or a social scientist; such scholars nonetheless can appreciate it intellectually and convey it so that it becomes a part of scientific knowledge. (1985b:194)</span></div>
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Pure cognition ‘does not mean cognition of historical facts to the exclusion of values; on the contrary my central occupation is precisely with values their meaning and interpretation. [my italics]’ (1982:4) One need not be a believer to have cognition of historical values. Fazlur Rahman distinguishes between historical values, and those which are properly moral. Moral values have a higher ontological status than their disclosure at a certain point in history which does not limit their meaning or practical application to that moment. Historical values exhaust their life within their particular socio-economic context; but the transcendence and extra-historical nature of moral values allow them to overflow the date of their first articulation in terms of relevant application.</span></div>
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The definition of ijtihad that Fazlur Rahman accepts means it is possible that a text can be generalized into a set of principles, and that these principles can be formulated as new sets of rules. It implies that the tradition in question can be judged according to the normative meanings under which the tradition arose. In other words, that some form of orthodoxy is possible. Tradition or precedent can be ‘studied with adequate historical objectivity and separated not only from the present but also from the normative factors that are supposed to have generated it.’ (1982:8) So it is not surprising that Fazlur Rahman goes on to defend those modernist theorists who insist that one must find out the meaning intended by the mind that wrote the text under study. A reversal of the original creative process is possible whereby ‘the forms we try to understand and interpret now are led back to the creative mind whose original contents they were, not as isolated items, but as a coherent whole, and made to live again in the mind of the understanding subject.’ (loc.cit) But this is not the product of the mind only, one must consider the historical conditions to which it responded. Crucially, Fazlur Rahman’s radicalism, in Islamic terms, is to insist that the Qur’an is ‘literally God’s response through Muhammad’s mind to an historic situation.’ (loc.cit.) If the Qur’an was the literal word of God, which came to be the predominant interpretation among Muslims, and Muhammad was merely the passive recipient, then one could not discern abstract ethical principles behind the revelation of verses in particular circumstances. Instead, one would fall into a kind of slavishly literal attempt to recreate the society of the Prophet, no matter how misguided and inadequate such an endeavour would be. Fazlur Rahman’s conception places all scholarly Muslims in a position of equality with regard to the Qur’an, whose ethical principles must be instantiated in their particular epoch through the effort of ijtihad.</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman has to protect this position against two lines of attack, and it is contestable as to whether he succeeds. The first is that of Hans Georg Gadamer, who attacks the view that one can know other minds truly as mere psychologism. He is sceptical about Gadamer’s view that context of ideas is merely mental: ‘for while their occurrence is in a mind, their intentio or meaning is referred outside the mind.’ (1982:9) Gadamer wants due acknowledgement of what he views as being predetermined i.e. because the experiencing subject is preconditioned it follows one cannot really understand the past on its own terms. Effective history, for Gadamer, is not only the historical influences upon the object of study but also all the other influences that make up the observer, or the experiencing subject. So any possibility of knowing the past truly by a sort of objective historical consciousness is overcome by this preconditioning. An individual is much more likely to be influenced by family, society and state than by ephemeral inklings where one can stand beyond one’s own historical horizons with the ‘perspective of God’. Therefore there is no distinction between history and dogmatics.</span></div>
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For Fazlur Rahman, this will not do. It is obvious that human traditions have changed over time but not as a series of disjunctures into which is read a fictive continuity. Continuity in an intellectual tradition is real because it is a manifestation of a well-recorded historical consciousness, played out between commentators over the centuries. Any critique of, or purposeful change in, a tradition does involve self-awareness to the extent that ‘there is consciousness of what is being criticized or rejected.’ (1982:10) It not fair to conclude that these responses were pre- determined to the extent that Gadamer advocates. It is still possible to separate an objective grasp of the past with a subjective response to that past which involves values that are a product of one’s present conditioning. Fazlur Rahman wants to distinguish history and dogmatics, as well as to defend their effectiveness in maintaining a real historical consciousness. When questions are asked, history, by definition and as an ideal, is concerned with historical facts and not with values, whereas at first sight dogmatics looks mainly at values. But often dogmatic questioning involved rational enquiry, in other words, it facilitated the discovery that certain parts of tradition contradicted more basic parts. So even in dogmatics, a second-order historical consciousness is present in that historical distance is bridged by reason which spans the past and the present. The endeavour of ijtihad is a continuous obligation that requires change in tradition to restore its normative element, and tradition is never immune from such questioning.</span></div>
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A second line of attack which Fazlur Rahman rebuts is scepticism about the historical veracity of Muslim tradition especially with respect to the Qur’an, which is most trenchantly discussed in relation to the work of John Wansbrough. One should not bracket Fazlur Rahman with those who categorised all Western studies of the Qur’an as examples of pernicious orientalism. In fact, ‘at present, Muslims, generally speaking, lack the necessary psychological and, consequently scholarly equipment’ (1979a:132) for a rigorous enquiry into the formation and canonisation of the Qur’an, a task which could only be carried out in Western institutions. Older studies that largely took the tafsir tradition at face value, like that of N'ldeke-Schwally’s Geschichte des Qorans, was the approach that Fazlur Rahman praised as ‘the most sober and reliable.’ (1979a:131)</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman rejects what he terms the ‘literary criticism’ of a more modern school. His most general criticism is theoretical in nature. It is platitudinous, in his view, to state that unless the phrase in history has some mystical sense, then all religions are in history. The Semitic traditions are held to be historical religions because in them God intervenes in human events to fulfil purposes. Historical enquiry can establish whether are not these religions have, in actual fact, made such claims about the intervention of God in human history, and at what time such claims were first made. However, such historical enquiry is not concerned with trying to prove whether God intervened or where believers just claimed he did. Fazlur Rahman makes a distinction between a religious view of history and a historical view of religion, which he thinks is confused in the literary-analytic method i.e. after rejecting the claims of religions, one should not go on to reject historical enquiry itself. Whatever one thinks of claims made on behalf of religions, such claims should be historically investigated. What I understand this to be is a phenomenological position i.e. that religious texts are best understood through the internal premises upon which they are based, but only in the context of their explicit historical background. Literary criticism ignores the obvious historical context in favour of what Fazlur Rahman sees as a fairly arbitrary selection of Qur’anic motifs, which could only be credible if one is prepared to read in between the lines, and accept too many arguments e silentio.</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman attacks the ‘literary criticism’ of Wansbrough, and his Canadian advocate, Andrew Rippin on a number of specific objections. These are listed from the general to the more particular. First, the insight that Muslim tradition is the product of a literary tradition is founded upon the studies of Schacht and Goldziher. This makes little sense. Firstly, their method is historical, and therefore does not logically support the literary method. Secondly, the Goldziher/Schacht thesis is read by Fazlur Rahman as only proving that certain Hadiths originated after other Hadiths, not that the whole corpus was suspect. Second, it seems to Fazlur Rahman that a historical method is efficacious enough critically, without looking to replace this with non-historical methods. Once one has given up on a historical approach, then it is no longer possible to make any sense out of the Qur’an. One has to appeal to Wansbrough’s notions of different background traditions rather than the chronological Meccan and Medinan periods to understand differences within the Qur’an. On what basis can one accept Wansbrough’s Qur’anic motifs retribution, sign, exile and covenant as the major themes, when one might more naturally reply the five pillars, social justice and jihad? A concomitant third point is that this relies upon an unreasonable number of conspiracies. Not only do we not know who has arranged for the Qur’an to appear to have a divine origin, but also that the original four themes have been hidden by the five pillars, now commonly accepted. Fourth, Wansbrough mentions the allusive character of the Qur’an i.e. that it assumes knowledge of Jewish prophetic literature. But the Qur’an also only alludes to authentically Arabian prophets and history, so what can be assumed of the audience? For Fazlur Rahman, the Qur’an is divine commentary on the Prophet’s milieu, which included general Semitic influences, and on his struggle. Fazlur Rahman is not convinced by his antagonist’s observation that the three separate citations of the story of Shu`ayb constitute three separate traditions, brought together in the same text. Within a chronological framework, one can understand these to be the anxious exhortation of a preacher to his people to desist from committing commercial fraud, by citing the story of a previous prophet. But because Wansbrough has abandoned history as such, he can give no explanation as to why these should be regarded as three separate traditions, or what were the sources of these traditions. In other words, it is speculation. Fifth, despite Wansbrough’s sweeping scepticism regarding Muslim tradition, he accepts it where it suits him, for instance where he refers to the visit of the Muslim delegation to the Nagus. (1984:88-89)</span></div>
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Some of the mistake-spotting that Fazlur Rahman has made is quite substantial in that it succeeds in pointing out internal inconsistencies in use of evidence, fidelity to the Qur’an and reliance upon a massive falsification of Muslim tradition. However, one might quibble that a positive appreciation of modern literary techniques would have been useful, given the fact that many of these tools are hardly new to Muslim exegetes (the outstanding example being al-Zamakshari); but perhaps have been further refined in useful ways in the past 100 years.</span></div>
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APPLICATION OF ISLAM TO THE PRESENT</span></div>
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Unfortunately, I am not able to dwell upon Faxlur Rahman’s Qur’anic prescriptions for the present. This is partly because of lack of time, but mostly because the challenge really lies with us to analyse our present situation.</span></div>
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What is ironic is that while Fazlur Rahman set himself in opposition to fundamentalists, modernists and traditionalists, he recognised that he shared with them a concern to get rid of accretions, and return to a pristine Islam. Given that Fazlur Rahman was labelled a ‘modernist’ by more traditional opinion, it is interesting to note his objections against the ‘modernist’ school. Firstly, they were rarely concerned with questions of economic justice; although others, like Khomeini, have restored it to the centre of Islamic ideology. Secondly, the approach to the Qur’an (and the other main sources) was often selective and not systematic (something which Fazlur Rahman has tried to rectify). On certain serious points of disagreement with Western view, e.g. on jihad for instance, there was often ‘an alarming tendency towards apologetics’. (1988b:31). This led, quite rightly, to their loyalty to Islam itself being questioned, so unthinking were they in their uncritical acceptance of Western modernity. You can probably figure out what Fazlur Rahman’s objections to fundamentalists and traditionalists would be. That these three groups patently failed in his view to be successful in renewing Islam did not invalidate the attempt itself. As the determination of general principles has already been discussed, I will now briefly outline how Fazlur Rahman analysed modern conditions himself.</span></div>
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Fazlur Rahman decries the laissez-faire society (1982:159), and realises that social bonds are weakening in societies generally, but knows that Islam does not advocate coercion either. One cannot leave all attempts at the socialisation of future generations, to do so is to ignore the way societies have been maintained. If humans all chose to be individuals, then highly developed religious and educational systems could never have emerged initially. Rather starkly, liberals in Muslim societies who are over-reacting to crudeness and even cruelty of an outdated manifestation of Islam are in danger of letting their children grow ‘into animals’. (1982:159) Current manifestations of Islam tend towards indoctrination because they are infused with dogma. However, if ethics can be properly re-distinguished from law, then at least dogmas of the rational kind are acceptable to guide the ethical sense of a civilisation. One of the great dilemmas of modernity is the increasing relativity of values as a result of breaking loose totally from the constraints of older religious dogma.</span></div>
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It must be recognised that modern societies are much more complex than medieval ones, particularly in the fields of economics, politics, communication and education with developed thought, structures and institutions to match. If these societies have become more aware of the possible sources of social dislocation and how to deal with them systematically, such a sense of these dislocations is ultimately grounded in simple sense of right and wrong. But if the warning systems are effective, concurrently the ethical coherence of modern societies is weakening. Fazlur Rahman is optimistic that the relatively simplistic Qur’anic tales concerned with the macro-history of humanity of the rise and fall of civilisations and societies; of the moral decline of nations; of the succession of civilisations in political pre-eminence; of the function of leadership; of the nature of poverty and prosperity, peace and conflict; and of the need to realise when reform corrupts and continuity preserves can, with the Qur’an’s general ethical principles and a thoroughly factual survey of the current lessons of history, lead to real guidance; not just for the ummah, but for humanity at large.</span></div>
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In conclusion, Fazlur Rahman stands between East and West, and is critical and supportive of both in his reformulation of his heritage. From within his own tradition, he rejects a number of analyses of the contemporary period and proposes to emulate the successful empowerment of the earliest generations. While Fazlur Rahman was ambiguous about Western modernity, he did not believe, as some hold in the Muslim world, that all its problems stemmed from secularisation. He felt that the utopian impulse to apply uncritically the Islamic heritage to education, law and politics would, far from re-energising Muslim societies, prove a disastrous backwards step.</span></div>
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In contrast, Fazlur Rahman’s three-step assessment outlined above has much in common with an historicism which today is an intellectual movement with supporters in the West, and in the Muslim world. In the West, there are many formalists, structuralists and traditionalists who want to re- embody basic truths in contemporary society. In the case of Fazlur Rahman, he not only engaged with Muslim modernists who manipulated the Islamic tradition, without regard for intellectual consistency, but also with what he saw as the laissez-faire attitude of modern societies, as well as with his peers in the academy who separated any enquiry from historical method, or, in the case of Gadamer, from transcendent ethics. Ultimately for Fazlur Rahman, if one could not assume a universal truth, grounded for Muslims in the Qur’an, then historical enquiry itself becomes groundless.</span></div>
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<a href="http://fazlur-rahman.livejournal.com/?skip=10" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://fazlur-rahman.livejournal.com/?skip=10</span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">A framework for interpreting the ethico-legal content of the Qur'an</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>A review of Fazlur Rahman's work</b>.</span></div>
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Rahman argued that, in order to understand the ideal and the contingent in Qur’anic pronouncements, the best tool available was ‘historical criticism’, which could clarify the context and the rationale of the guidance, and distinguish the ideal from the contingent. To demonstrate this point, Rahman used the example of polygamy. The Qur’an undoubtedly improved the rights and status of women compared with their pre-Islamic condition in Hijaz. One of its instructions was that a man should not marry more than one wife if he could not do justice to all of them, adding categorically that, no matter how he tried, just treatment would be impossible. However, it was equally true that the Qur’an gave permission to many up to four wives. How then could these two sets of instructions be understood? One way was to say that the Qur’an wanted to promote the maximum happiness of family life and that, to this end, a monogamous marriage would be the ideal, but that this declared moral purpose had to be compromised in the reality of seventh-century Arabian society, in which polygamy was too deeply entrenched for it to be removed without defeating the moral purpose itself. The Qur’an therefore accepted polygamy at the legal level, but restricted it and placed as many safeguards as possible, while at the same time enunciating the ideal of the monogamous society towards which the Prophet wanted Muslims to move.</span></div>
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The distinction between the ideal and the contingent, Rahman argued, was given little importance, if any, in the construction of Islamic law and in the interpretation of the Qur’an.</span></div>
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The various purposes and principles of the Qur’an must, therefore, he brought together to yield a unified and comprehensive socio— moral theory squarely based upon the Qur’an and its sunna [sic] counterparts. It must he frankly admitted that this task has not been attempted in the past and, although the Qur’anic teaching on socio—moral questions has a definite character, this teaching has never been formulated as a comprehensive and cohesive doctrine.</span></div>
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Rahman argued, however, that the Sunna content left by the Prophet (prophetic Sunna) was neither extensive nor meant to be absolutely specific. In the post-prophetic period, this limited material was further added to by the early Muslim communities through the ‘living Sunna’. However, in order to maintain the link to the prophetic legacy, this living Sunna was legitimised by the ijma’ of the community. This function of ijma’ thus kept isolated hadith outside the boundary of Sunna, giving the living Sunna a certain degree of cohesiveness. Following the mass hadith movement, however, the organic relationship between Sunna and ijma was destroyed. Similarly, the distinction between the ‘prophetic Sunna’ and ‘living Sunna’ became blurred. All was subsumed in the broad category of hadith, which became synonymous with the Sunna of the prophet, a gross distortion of the concepts. Much of this distortion took place over the second and third centuries AH, and in particular in the work of al-Shafi.</span></div>
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While Rahman saw a close connection between the Quran and the prophetic Sunna, he argued that hadith material should be used advisedly, particularly as the hadith came to include many superstitions that developed in the post-prophetic period, such as the Prophet’s ascension or mi’raj, which, for Rahman, had virtually no support in the Qur’an but appeared often in the hadith. Nonetheless, Rabman thought that the hadith, even though they might not necessarily reflect ‘prophetic Sunna’, could be useful if subjected to historical criticism. If the study of early hadith material were carried out under the canons of historical criticism in relation to historical and sociological background, even an isolated hadith could become meaningful for now.</span></div>
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In keeping with his belief and his education, Rahman always gave priority to what the Qur’an said, and in particular to its overall message, on any given issue. Where that message conflicted with the hadith, Rahman was in no doubt that the Qur’an was to be preferred over the hadith as representing the actual legacy of the Prophet. In any interpretation of the ethico legal content of the Qur’an, the actual, explicit and overall message of the Qur’an, in his view, should he given priority. Rahman saw the two main problems for Muslims in rethinking the interpretation of the Qur’an in order to relate it to present needs as the historical belief that the hadith contained the Sunna of the Prophet, and that the Qur’anic rulings on social behaviour had to he literally implemented in all times: ‘This stood like a rock in the way of any substantial rethinking of the social content of Islam.’ Both beliefs thus had to be challenged and rethought.</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/38120368/Fazlur-Rahman-a-Framework-for-interpreting-Ethico-Religious-content-of-The-Quran" target="_blank">http://www.scribd.com/doc/38120368/Fazlur-Rahman-a-Framework-for-interpreting-Ethico-Religious-content-of-The-Quran</a></li>
<li><a href="http://fazlur-rahman.livejournal.com/" target="_blank">http://fazlur-rahman.livejournal.com/</a></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">Islam and Modernity</span></b></div>
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by Fazlur Rahman</span></div>
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ISBN: 0226702847</span></div>
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"As Professor Fazlur Rahman shows in the latest of a series of important contributions to Islamic intellectual history, the characteristic problems of the Muslim modernists—the adaptation to the needs of the contemporary situation of a holy book which draws its specific examples from the conditions of the seventh century and earlier—are by no means new. . . . In Professor Rahman's view the intellectual and therefore the social development of Islam has been impeded and distorted by two interrelated errors. The first was committed by those who, in reading the Koran, failed to recognize the differences between general principles and specific responses to 'concrete and particular historical situations.' . . . This very rigidity gave rise to the second major error, that of the secularists. By teaching and interpreting the Koran in such a way as to admit of no change or development, the dogmatists had created a situation in which Muslim societies, faced with the imperative need to educate their people for life in the modern world, were forced to make a painful and self-defeating choice—either to abandon Koranic Islam, or to turn their backs on the modern world."—Bernard Lewis, New York Review of Books<br />
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"In this work, Professor Fazlur Rahman presents a positively ambitious blueprint for the transformation of the intellectual tradition of Islam: theology, ethics, philosophy and jurisprudence. Over the voices advocating a return to Islam or the reestablishment of the Sharia, the guide for action, he astutely and soberly asks: What and which Islam? More importantly, how does one get to 'normative' Islam? The author counsels, and passionately demonstrates, that for Islam to be actually what Muslims claim it to be—comprehensive in scope and efficacious for every age and place—Muslim scholars and educationists must reevaluate their methodology and hermeneutics. In spelling out the necessary and sound methodology, he is at once courageous, serious and profound."—Wadi Z. Haddad, American-Arab Affairs.<br />
<a href="http://islam-and-muslims.com/Fazlur-Rahman-Islam-Modernity.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(178, 178, 178); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #c56b80; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 24.375px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Fazlur-Rahman-Islam-Modernity.pdf</a><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; line-height: 24.375px;"> (right click, save as)</span><br /></span>
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<span style="color: #222222;">LAST BOOK OR BOOKS? BY AFTAB KHAN</span><a href="https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/last-book/" target="_blank"> <span style="color: blue;">....[......]</span></a></h1><div><span style="text-align: start;">1.Quran Commands [Ahkaam] : </span><a href="https://bit.ly/QuranCommands" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/QuranCommands</a><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;">2. احکام القرآن : </span><a href="https://bit.ly/AhkamAlQuran" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/AhkamAlQuran</a><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;">3. Islamic Revival: </span><a href="https://bit.ly/IslamicRevival-net" style="text-align: start;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/IslamicRevival-net</a></div>
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<span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium; line-height: 24.375px;"><b>The works of Fazlur Rahman</b></span></span></div>
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<span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;"> Here is a partial bibliography of Fazlur Rahman's works:</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: start;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1962-3). ‘Post-Formative Developments in Islam - </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 24.375px;">I’. Islamic Studies, I (4), (1962), pp. 1-23.</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1963). ‘Post-Formative Developments in Islam - </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 24.375px;">II’ Islamic Studies, II (1963), pp. 297-316.</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Riba and Interest, Islamic Studies (Karachi) 3(1), Mar. 1964:1-43</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1965). Islamic Methodology in History. Karachi, </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 24.375px;">Central Institute of Islamic Research. [Out of Print]</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1979a) ‘Islamic Studies and the Future of Islam’. In Kerr, Malcolm H. (ed.), Islamic Studies: A Tradition and Its Problems, Seventh Giorgio Della Vida Conference, 1979. Malibu, Calif.; Undena Publications. Pp. 125-133.</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1979b). Islam. (2nd ed.) Chicago, Chicago University Press. [In Print, usually available from Dillons.]</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1980). Major Themes of the Qur’an. [In print,</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 24.375px;"> available from al-Hoda books.]</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1982). Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago, Chicago University Press. [In print, available from Dillons].</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1984). ‘Some Recent Books on the Qur’an by Western Authors’. Journal of Religion, 64 (1), (1984), pp. 73-95.</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1985a). ‘ Law and Ethics in Islam.’ In Hovannisian, R. (ed.), Ethics in Islam: Ninth Giorgio Levi Della Vida Conference, 1983, in Honour of Fazlur Rahman. Malibu, Calif.; Undena Publications. Pp 3-15.</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1985b). ‘Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies: A Review.’ In Martin, R.C. (ed.), Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies. Tuscon, The University of Arizona Press. Pp. 189-202, 233-234.</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition, Crossroad Pub Co, 1987. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 24.375px;">ISBN 0-8245-0797-5</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1988a). ‘Islamization of Knowledge: A Response.’ American Journal of Islamic Social Science, Vol. 5(1), 1988, pp. 3-11.</span></span></li><li><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Rahman, Fazlur (1988b). ‘Roots of Islamic Neo-Fundamentalism’. In Stoddard, P.H., Cuthell, C. and Sullivan, M.W. (eds), Change in the Muslim World. Syracuse, US; Syracuse University Press. Pp. 23-35. </span></span><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 16.25px; line-height: 24.375px;">Revival and Reform in Islam (ed. Ebrahim Moosa), </span><span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 24.375px;">Oneworld Publications, 1999. </span><span style="line-height: 24.375px;">ISBN 1-85168-204-X</span></span></li></ol>
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<span face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 24.375px;"><a href="http://fazlur-rahman.livejournal.com/?skip=10" target="_blank">http://fazlur-rahman.livejournal.com/?skip=10</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2020/03/islam-21Centry.html" style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Islam: Contemporary Challenges in 21st Century - A selection of latest books ...[......]</a></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-10772630737983907202021-03-01T10:30:00.001-08:002023-02-07T08:48:26.485-08:00Dual Islam دو اسلام : ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">I enveloped myself in the study of Islam, the history of Muslims and the world history and devoted 14 years of my life in the search for answers. During this time, I completed eight years of the well-known <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dars-i_Nizami" target="_blank">Dars-e- Nizami </a>of the “Islamic” Madrasahs. My initial impression of Islam:</span><br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8iXDxqiJQKzYnVuUThmbTJUbXc/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0-cgqkM8vKJFdeVzEes--QDg" target="_blank"><b>اردو میں <<یہاں پڑھیں >></b></a></span></div>
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<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Belief in the Articles of Faith: Allah, the Last Day, the Angels, the Book and the Prophets (2:177). Add to this the 6th “Imam-made” article of Taqdeer or pre-destiny.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Belief in the Five “Pillars” of Islam: Kalemah, Prayers, Fasting, Charity, Pilgrimage.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Recite the Kalemah after each call to prayers with much reverence.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Saying Allahu Allahu Allahu aloud when possible.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Daily recital of the Qur’an without understanding the meaning.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Khatm (“Wrap up” the reading of the Qur'an individually, and in congregations.)</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Pledging allegiance to a saint.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Visiting graves and praying to the dead.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Prostrate at the Khanqahs (sanctuaries).</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider dirty clothes as the heritage of prophets. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Amulets and Vird Auraad (repeated invocations) to help solve all problems. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Considering the Prophet (S) as omnipresent and knower of the unseen. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Arranging feasts for the Mullah to ward off evil. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Listening to Qawwali (The Sufi poetry sung with music and clapping) as a way of achieving proximity with Allah. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider every non-Muslim as unclean, defiled. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Have Iman in Imam Abu Hanifa's Fiqh (jurisprudence). </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider the Six Right Ones (6 compilations of Hadith) as Wahi (Revelation). </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Ignore advancements made by the modern sciences. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider one who thinks and reflects a heretic. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Recite the Kalemah, and Paradise is yours. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">All difficulties are overcome with du'a (praying) and not with proper action.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Reciting words without understanding, engaging in useless rituals in order to attain Paradise filled with palaces and houris. .......</span></li>
</ol><span><a name='more'></a></span><div>In my quest for answers, I came upon a stark realization. I learned that 128 flourishing Muslim empires had vanished over the last several centuries.</div>
<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">My spiritual teachers, the Mullahs tried to pacify me, "To these Kaafirs, the world is a pastime. Their glamour, prosperity, rule and success are nothing but a deceitful mirage. Soon they will be thrown on their faces into the Hellfire. While on the other hand, Allah, the Rasool, the Angels, the Garden of Eden, the houris (the heavenly beauties), and refreshing wines all are ours. We Muslims will enjoy the Eternal Life clad in silk and velvet in the well-carpeted, daisy-laden Gardens, embracing houris in our tents and palaces drinking refreshing wines served by the dancing, whirling, handsome servants, watching the waterfalls and fresh water streams, hearing nightingales etc etc etc." I became increasingly uncertain ! </span><br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b><span style="line-height: 13.8px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></b></i></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b><span style="line-height: 13.8px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Excerpts from Book; Dual (dou,2) Islam (</span><span style="line-height: 20.24px; text-align: right; white-space: pre-wrap;">دو اسلام </span><span style="line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">) by </span><span style="line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dr. Ghulam Jeelani Barq, Pakistan (1949), </span><span style="line-height: 13.8px; white-space: pre-wrap;">English adaptation by Dr. Shabbir Ahmed, Florida (2006) </span><span style="line-height: 20.24px; text-align: right; white-space: pre-wrap;">[ دو اسلام : ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق کی شہرہ آفاق کتاب]</span></b></i></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUzH10nh-pAKUjqjUDnTnlnNoAfda-prGVB8ljsvfHPk6zgc_yE58F3Kjjx4IDFloeQ87tWZDmktBopFLBd4l80-7cdPnYfS8UjH5rdrq_gFy417HRKOZwZntaYGKDFPIwxO6YrZcMuJ5J/s1600/Do+Islam.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUzH10nh-pAKUjqjUDnTnlnNoAfda-prGVB8ljsvfHPk6zgc_yE58F3Kjjx4IDFloeQ87tWZDmktBopFLBd4l80-7cdPnYfS8UjH5rdrq_gFy417HRKOZwZntaYGKDFPIwxO6YrZcMuJ5J/s320/Do+Islam.png" width="207" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 33.12px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8iXDxqiJQKzYnVuUThmbTJUbXc/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0-cgqkM8vKJFdeVzEes--QDg" target="_blank">eBook Urdu اردو - Pdf</a></div>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">The book "Dual Islam" was originally written in Urdu as “Dou Islam” </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 20.24px; text-align: right; white-space: pre-wrap;">دو اسلام </span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">by Dr. Barq. Although it was first published in 1949, the significance of this concise book is increasingly important today. This book commands cautious circulation in Pakistan since it identifies the real, but emotionally sensitive, cause of the global decline of Muslims.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Dual Islam gives a bold, honest and compelling perspective to a subject that is difficult to broach. The Islamic World reigned as a superpower for centuries. Examining the decline of such a giant is no small undertaking. It required great courage by Dr. Barq in his lifetime to criticize and demystify some highly respected figures in Islamic history. In a country where the orthodoxy is persuaded by a powerful, misguided and obstinate clergy, Dr. Barq put his life in peril to reveal the facts stated here.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">PREFACE </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Barq’s book strives to give young and old alike, a bold perspective on Islamic ideology. It is meant to empower all Muslims to overcome <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" target="_blank">man-made traditions </a>and to revert to the only Authentic Text of Islam, Al-Qur’an. Barq desires to liberate the Islam that exists in Sufi monasteries, Sunni madrasahs, and Shia Imam Bargahs. He wants to free Islam from being bound in the volumes of Fiqh (five schools of Islamic jurisprudence Hanafi, Maliki, Hanbali, Shafi’i, Ja’fari).</span></span></div>
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mazahib-e-Islam, a book published in Hyderabad, enumerates so many forms of “Islamic” practice that it is impossible for the government of Pakistan to implement a centralized Islamic guidance. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammadﷺ only one form of Islam</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, that which exists in the Qur’an. Dr. Barq calls upon all Muslims to revert to the original Islam in order to achieve success and peace in this life and the Hereafter.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">His book will elicit three kinds of reactions:</span></b></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">1. The young generation which is already distraught with the traditional man made Islam, will be overjoyed and they will get a forceful voice. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">2. The serious, mature reader will agree with the author but flay him for being too outspoken. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">3. The Mullah & Sufi oriented Muslims will scream and raise hell against him.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Let us understand that, thanks to the massive body of <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" target="_blank">Ahadith</a>, every sect of ours subscribes to a different brand of Islam. The True Qur'anic Islam is, unfortunately, sobbing, and sighing under the burden of 1.4 million <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" style="line-height: 22.08px;" target="_blank">Ahadith</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> </b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Did the Messenger of Allahﷺ preach varieties of Islam?</b> Fortunately, the Muslims are realizing to understand that only the Qur'an based Islam can unite Muslims, and that it will come to pass, tomorrow if not today.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">PREAMBLE</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Duel Between Deen & Mazhab [دین و مذہب]</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">*Fazil Deeniyaat, فاضل دینیات Dr. Ghulam Jeelani Barq (1901-1983) of Campbellpur (present Attock), Pakistan, was an accomplished Urdu writer. The brilliant scholar spent 14 years with "Ulama" and Sufis and even completed the 8 year curriculum of the famous DARS NIZAMI. How he remained so brilliant after spending so much time with extreme orthodoxy eludes me!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A recurrent theme of his excellent works was the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>decline of Muslim civilization.</i></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> This voracious reader and analytical scholar arrived at the right conclusion: For centuries, the Islamic world has been suffering because of its belief in the Ajami, man-made, and counterfeit Islam (Mazhab مذھب ) that is propagated by our ‘spiritual’ leaders and Mullahs.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mazhab مذھب is a complex set of rituals, superstition, fatalism and irrational dogmas. It dwells heavily on individually trying to “please” God for attaining “salvation”, whereas Deen دین اسلام is the Divinely Prescribed Way of Life completely enshrined in the Final Revelation of God, Al-Qur’an. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">The rational Deen enjoins upon humans to strive with their wealth and person to benefit people and it promises profound success (not just salvation) in both lives. </span></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The book explores the millennium old duel between Deen and Mazhab دین و مذھب </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In its time, DOU ISLAM دو اسلام , was helpful in understanding the main reason for the deterioration of the Muslim World. It has not yet been translated into any language since it was published in 1949. Today, DUAL ISLAM presents to you the adaptation of this concise, yet convincing masterpiece. DUAL ISLAM introduces and illustrates the main ideas of the original. In the interest of brevity, the translator <a href="http://www.ourbeacon.com/wordpress/?page_id=21" target="_blank">Dr.Shabbir Ahmed, M.D</a> has freely paraphrased from the original. In order to maintain clarity, he has included his thoughts and observations where necessary. These are generally given within brackets [ ].</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Hindu Prosperity and Muslim Austerity</span></b></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">As a child in 1918, I went from our village to Amritsar and saw that the majority of Hindus were prosperous business owners while the Muslims toiled at arduous labor. I questioned this disparity in society. My father replied, "My dear son! This world is nothing but carrion and its seekers are worse than dogs. Allah has given this carcass to non-Muslims and the eternal Paradise to us Muslims. Who is better off then?" Reluctantly, I asked, "Baba! Why do you travel to Amritsar on business then?" Annoyed, he chided, "Son! Never argue with elders. Don't you know there is a <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" style="line-height: 22.08px;" target="_blank">hadith</a> about this world being analogous to a corpse?" The word <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" style="line-height: 22.08px;" target="_blank">hadith</a> startled me and I was silenced, knowing not to question the authenticity of a <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" style="line-height: 22.08px;" target="_blank">Hadith</a>. Yet I still had no answer to my question. Upon returning to my village, I approached the Imam of the Masjid with my query. The answer was exactly the same as my father’s! I was left alone with my simmering question</span></span></div>
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Beginning of a Lifelong Quest and Some Fitting Answers</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Time passed, my questions multiplied, but the answers remained divided among differing schools of thought and ‘spiritual’ leaders. I enveloped myself in the study of </span></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islam, the history of Muslims and the world history and devoted 14 years of my life in the search for answers. During this time, I completed eight years of the well-known Dars-e- Nizami of the “Islamic” Madrasahs.</span></div>
<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">I enveloped myself in the study of Islam, the history of Muslims and the world history and devoted 14 years of my life in the search for answers. During this time, I completed eight years of the well-known Dars-e- Nizami of the “Islamic” Madrasahs. My initial impression of Islam:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Belief in the Articles of Faith: Allah, the Last Day, the Angels, the Book and the Prophets (2:177). Add to this the 6th “Imam-made” article of Taqdeer or pre-destiny.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Belief in the Five “Pillars” of Islam: Kalemah, Prayers, Fasting, Charity, Pilgrimage.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Recite the Kalemah after each call to prayers with much reverence.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Saying Allahu Allahu Allahu aloud when possible.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Daily recital of the Qur’an without understanding the meaning.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Khatm (“Wrap up” the reading of the Qur'an individually, and in congregations.)</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Pledging allegiance to a saint.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Visiting graves and praying to the dead.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Prostrate at the Khanqahs (sanctuaries).</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider dirty clothes as the heritage of prophets. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Amulets and Vird Auraad (repeated invocations) to help solve all problems. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Considering the Prophet (S) as omnipresent and knower of the unseen. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Arranging feasts for the Mullah to ward off evil. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Listening to Qawwali (The Sufi poetry sung with music and clapping) as a way of achieving proximity with Allah. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider every non-Muslim as unclean, defiled. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Have Iman in Imam Abu Hanifa's Fiqh (jurisprudence). </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider the Six Right Ones (6 compilations of Hadith) as Wahi (Revelation). </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Ignore advancements made by the modern sciences. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Consider one who thinks and reflects a heretic. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Recite the Kalemah, and Paradise is yours. </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">All difficulties are overcome with du'a (praying) and not with proper action.</span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Reciting words without understanding, engaging in useless rituals in order to attain Paradise filled with palaces and houris.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><b>DISILLUSION</b></span><br />
<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">In my quest for answers, I came upon a stark realization. I learned that 128 flourishing Muslim empires had vanished over the last several centuries.</span><br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">My spiritual teachers, the Mullahs tried to pacify me, "To these Kaafirs, the world is a pastime. Their glamor, prosperity, rule and success are nothing but a deceitful mirage. Soon they will be thrown on their faces into the Hellfire. While on the other hand, Allah, the Rasool, the Angels, the Garden of Eden, the houris (the heavenly beauties), and refreshing wines all are ours. We Muslims will enjoy the Eternal Life clad in silk and velvet in the well-carpeted, daisy-laden Gardens, embracing houris in our tents and palaces drinking refreshing wines served by the dancing, whirling, handsome servants, watching the waterfalls and fresh water streams, hearing nightingales etc etc etc." I became increasingly uncertain. </span><br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">If Allah was only the God of Muslims, then;</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why would He let the Kaafir Hulago Khan inherit the once glorious Abbasid Dynasty (in 1258 CE)? </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why were the Muslims thrown out of their once golden rule in Spain (1492)? </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why would the Mughal Empire of India capitulate to the trading British (1857)? </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why were even our footprints erased from the soils of Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Serbia, Croatia, Ukraine, Greece and Bulgaria? </span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">Why were we evicted from France </span></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 22.08px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Tours 732 C.E)</span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in utter disgrace ? </span></li>
<li><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tunis, Morocco, Palestine, Kashmir, Algiers, Libya became our graveyards. Why? <span style="font-size: xx-small;">[add now Afghanistan, Iraq, FATA Pakistan, Syria etc ... 2016]</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">I had trouble understanding this hapless predicament of the Muslim world and decided to approach the highest Ulama to shed some light on this. I returned to obscurity. I was not satisfied with their answers because they did not make sense. <b>I cannot say I returned empty handed, I had managed to acquire a handful of Fatwas of apostasy. </b></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">For nearly the next 7 years, any understanding of Islam had eluded me.</span></div>
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">THE DUALITY WITHIN ISLAM</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">As a result, I became withdrawn from Islam and disinterested in reading even the Qur’an. Soon after, things started to change. One morning, on impulse, I opened my Qur’an. As if by Divine Inspiration, the verse before me read:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjes_rrQ6Mz1lHrBUPXe3e0yeNrahtW5Xua1lfIuoY7jz8KcTJfC4gF52_kUxPEOXtxhLTr7wybGY44qrnhvwT_uk9V_oF2IR3T5RiHx8nxwhSVxI80G8HAbF23ecUzNMuvYsteDzUVrELW/s1600/220px-IslamicGalleryBritishMuseum3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjes_rrQ6Mz1lHrBUPXe3e0yeNrahtW5Xua1lfIuoY7jz8KcTJfC4gF52_kUxPEOXtxhLTr7wybGY44qrnhvwT_uk9V_oF2IR3T5RiHx8nxwhSVxI80G8HAbF23ecUzNMuvYsteDzUVrELW/s1600/220px-IslamicGalleryBritishMuseum3.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 33.12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: large;"><b>أَلَمْ يَرَوْا كَمْ أَهْلَكْنَا مِن قَبْلِهِم مِّن قَرْنٍ مَّكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ مَا لَمْ نُمَكِّن لَّكُمْ وَأَرْسَلْنَا السَّمَاءَ عَلَيْهِم مِّدْرَارًا وَجَعَلْنَا الْأَنْهَارَ تَجْرِي مِن تَحْتِهِمْ فَأَهْلَكْنَاهُم بِذُنُوبِهِمْ وَأَنشَأْنَا مِن بَعْدِهِمْ قَرْنًا آخَرِينَ ﴿</b></span></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 33.12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>سورة الأنعام</b></span></span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 33.12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ٦﴾ </b></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"><b>“Do they not see how many a generation We (Our Law) annihilated before them? We had established them on earth better than We have established you, and We showered on them abundant blessings from the sky, and caused the rivers to flow beneath them. But, when they trailed behind in humanity, We (Our Law) annihilated them and raised in their stead other generations,” <a href="http://tanzil.net/#6:6" target="_blank">(Qur’an, 6:6)</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 33.12px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: large;"> کیا انہوں نے دیکھا نہیں کہ ان سے پہلے کتنی ایسی قوموں کو ہم ہلاک کر چکے ہیں جن کا اپنے اپنے زمانہ میں دور دورہ رہا ہے؟ اُن کو ہم نے زمین میں وہ اقتدار بخشا تھا جو تمہیں نہیں بخشا ہے، ان پر ہم نے آسمان سے خوب بارشیں برسائیں اور ان کے نیچے نہریں بہا دیں، (مگر جب انہوں نے کفران نعمت کیا تو) آخر کار ہم نے ان کے گناہوں کی پاداش میں انہیں تباہ کر دیا اور ان کی جگہ دوسرے دور کی قوموں کو اٹھایا </span></span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 33.12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://tanzil.net/#6:6" target="_blank">(Qur’an, 6:6)</a></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif">I had arrived at the answer. There was a glimmer of light after much darkness. I decided to step out of this darkness, to broaden my vision and free myself from blind following. I continued to read the Qur'an in its entirety and understand the True Message of Allah. I found it replete with motivation to action. Every deed has an exact recompense. </span></span><span style="line-height: 1.38; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;"><b style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">I re-examined the <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" style="line-height: 22.08px;" target="_blank">Ahadith</a> احادیث in the Light of the Qur’an.</span></b><span style="color: #333333;"> </span></span></span><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">It became clear that over time the opponents of Islam had contaminated the original Message. Even our very own spiritual leaders had toyed with the meaning of the Message of Allah and had falsely attributed words and actions to the Prophetﷺ. </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Qur’an promises reward for those who make efforts to succeed in this world and the next.</b><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The mullas offered the convenient rituals and formulas to achieve results without any action on the part of the person. At this time, the Islamic spirit had been burdened by pointless rituals. So, while the </span><i style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">kaafirs</i><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (unbelievers) were living comfortably and attaining success in this life, most Muslims continued to drown in their worship and misery.</span></div>
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><b><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There were in reality, Two Islams, one in theory and one in practice.</span></b><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> <u>The Original Message of Allah (Quran) remained a theory </u>and a parallel Islam emerged centuries ago; one which bases itself on fabricated history and Ahadith.</b> <a href="https://goo.gl/oy8xVQ" style="font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Keep reading << </a><a href="https://goo.gl/oy8xVQ" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b>book in English</b></a><a href="https://goo.gl/oy8xVQ" style="font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">>></a> or <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hbz726SK2iCAUfUAGxYK2yniD58LwINS-1XX8HmsT5E/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank"><<<b><span style="font-size: large;">اردو </span></b>>></a></span></span><br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: red;"><b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">Note/Caution !</span></b><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"> </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: #990000;">This book created a lot of controversies, hundreds of books and articles were written, some links have been given below. Discretion is recommended. People with with mature & free mind, seeking truth & knowledge may read it. The author is reported to have retracted his stance after reading the rebuttal </span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b style="line-height: normal;"><a href="http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf" target="_blank">تفہیم اسلام بجواب دو اسلام </a></b><span style="line-height: normal;"> </span><a href="http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf" style="line-height: normal;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf</span></a> and wrote a book on "History of Hadith" <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Reader can read all these books <a href="https://goo.gl/kUKTxW" target="_blank"><<here>></a> or at links below, to read and draw his own conclusions:</span></span><br />
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<li style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8iXDxqiJQKzYnVuUThmbTJUbXc/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0-cgqkM8vKJFdeVzEes--QDg" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Dual Islam [English version of DOO ISLAM دو اسلام ]</span>:</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b> </b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://goo.gl/GOZwbf</span></span></a> <b>Pdf</b></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;"><b style="color: #060117; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://goo.gl/VnhHXU" style="color: #060117; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"> </a></span></b><a href="https://goo.gl/kUKTxW" style="color: #060117; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px; text-align: right; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">دو اسلام - ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق </span></b></a></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://goo.gl/kUKTxW" style="color: #060117; font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> تفہیم اسلام جواب، دو اسلام" </span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><span style="line-height: 33.12px;"><span style="font-size: medium;">مو</span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">لانا مسعود احمد بی۔ایس۔" </span></b></a></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://goo.gl/kUKTxW" style="color: #060117; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">تاریخ حدیث - </span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;">ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق </span></span></b></a></li>
<li style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><b style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> All books of Dr.Barq in Urdu << <a href="http://www.bookstube.net/search/label/Dr.%20Ghulam%20Jilani%20Barq?&max-results=6" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق کی تمام << کتابیں </a></span></b></b></li>
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<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dual Islam: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4SQdNGxZoYJv-Bj9jRoK4Id8PbbMvrjm6V-vW9TRZc/edit?usp=docslist_api" style="font-size: x-small;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/oy8xVQ</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Books by Dr.Shabbir Ahmed, M.D: <a href="http://www.ourbeacon.com/wordpress/?page_id=21" style="font-size: x-small;" target="_blank">http://www.ourbeacon.com/wordpress/?page_id=21</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dr,Shabbir criticised <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/46914736/Dr-Shabbir-Ahmed-The-Criminal" target="_blank">https://www.scribd.com/document/46914736/Dr-Shabbir-Ahmed-The-Criminal</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;">Aik (One) Islam ایک <span style="font-family: "arial"; line-height: 20.24px; text-align: right; white-space: pre-wrap;"> اسلام</span>: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4SQdNGxZoYJv-Bj9jRoK4Id8PbbMvrjm6V-vW9TRZc" style="font-size: x-small;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/bmjI8h</a> </span></li>
<li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dars-i_Nizami" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dars-i_Nizami</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.quransmessage.com</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith</span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1596086?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents" target="_blank">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1596086?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" target="_blank">http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Rebuttal to Dou Islam</b>:<a href="http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf" target="_blank"> http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.kitabosunnat.com/kutub-library/tafheem-e-islam" style="font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://www.kitabosunnat.com/kutub-library/tafheem-e-islam</a></li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"> تبصرے، تنقید اور خیالات - Controversies & Discussion</span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.08px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This book created a lot of controversies, hundreds of books and articles were written, some links can be found below. </span></span></div>
دو اسلام کے جواب میں سینکڑوں کتب تحریر کی گئیں۔ جن میں سے مولانا سرفراز خان صفدر نے صرف ایک اسلام، مفتی احمد یا خان نعیمی نے ایک اسلام، حافظ محمد گوندلوی نے دوامِ حدیث، مولانا مسعود احمد بی۔ایس۔سی نے تفہیم اسلام بجواب دو اسلام اس کتاب میں مسعود احمد صاحب نے "دو اسلام" کے ایک ایک پیرا کا علیحدہ علیحدہ جواب لکھا ہے۔ کھا جاتا ہے کہ اس کتاب <a href="http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>(تفہیم اسلام بجواب دو اسلام)</b></span></a> کو پڑھ کر غلام جیلانی برق صاحب نے اپنے موقف سے رجوع کیا اور کتاب تاریخ تدوین حدیث لکھی۔</div>
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غلام جیلانی برق نے اپنی پہلی تین کتب، ایک اسلام، د واسلام، اور دو قرآن سے رجوع کر لیا تھا یا نہیں، اس پر ان کی زندگی میں بھی اور بعد از وفات بھی بحث جاری ہے۔ رجوع کے حامی ان کے کچھ مکتوبات جو جیلانی برق کی حیات میں مختلف کتب میں شائع ہوئے، جن میں انھوں نے اپنی کتب کے مندرجات سے رجوع کیا ہے۔اور دیگر کتب میں ان کتب میں پیش کردہ نظریات کے برخلاف دوسرا نقطہ نظر پیش کیا، جیسے تدیون حدیث، اور محدثین کی زندگی پر کتاب لکھ کر۔ حالیہ برسوں میں پاکستان میں دو معروف کالم نویسوں جاوید چودھری ، اوریا مقبول جان کے درمیان بھی یہ بحث جاری ہے:</div>
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<li style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82.89899/page-2" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">http://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/دو-اسلام-از-ڈاکٹر-غلام-جیلانی-برق.89899/page-2</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Controversy: </span><a href="http://javedch.com/javed-chaudhry-urdu-columns/2015/04/28/41732" style="font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://javedch.com/javed-chaudhry-urdu-columns/2015/04/28/41732</a></li>
<li style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://urdu.alarabiya.net/ur/politics/2015/04/26/-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-.html" target="_blank">http://urdu.alarabiya.net/ur/politics/2015/04/26/-دو-اسلام-.html</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8-%DB%94.30424/page-3" target="_blank">http://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/برقیائی-گئی-پانچ-اسلامی-و-تاریخی-کتب-۔.30424/page-3</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://kitaben.urdulibrary.org/Pages/DoIslam.html" target="_blank">http://kitaben.urdulibrary.org/Pages/DoIslam.html</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: #0000ee; font-size: small;">دو اسلام از ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق - 1 </u><a href="http://awarafikar.blogspot.com/2016/05/1.html" style="font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://awarafikar.blogspot.com/2016/05/1.html</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></li>
<li style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Quddusia/posts/665511020221231" style="font-size: small;" target="_blank">https://www.facebook.com/Quddusia/posts/665511020221231</a> </li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" target="_blank">https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/غلام_جیلانی_برق</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://baazauq.blogspot.com/2010/12/inkaar-e-hadees-se-taarikhe-hadees-tak.html" target="_blank">http://baazauq.blogspot.com/2010/12/inkaar-e-hadees-se-taarikhe-hadees-tak.html</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://kitaben.urdulibrary.org/Pages/Tarikh2.html" target="_blank"><b>تاریخ حدیث- ڈاکٹر مرتضیٰ مطھری:</b> http://kitaben.urdulibrary.org/Pages/Tarikh2.html</a></span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf" target="_blank">تفہیم اسلام بجواب دو اسلام </a></span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><a href="http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf" style="font-size: x-small;" target="_blank">http://ia600503.us.archive.org/35/items/Tafheem-e-Islam/Tafheem-e-Islam.pdf</a></li>
<li>Read in Urdu : <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/blog-post_27.html" target="_blank">http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/blog-post_27.html</a></span></li>
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<b>Hadith Literature: </b></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">"It would, therefore, be improper to ignore or underestimate the significance of the <a href="http://www.quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20FM2.htm" target="_blank">Ahadith</a> literature as a historical source even if its authenticity may appeal doubtful. The modern Occidentalists are of the opinion that in spite of the fact that Apocrypha are of doubtful authenticity, we can still peep through them into the social life and behaviour of their fabricators, hence their significance as a source of history should not be denied. Similarly, even such portions of the hadith material as have been declared fake, unauthentic and of doubtful nature, contain most valuable hints regarding one or the other aspect of the early Islamic society"</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>[Encyclopaedia Historiography of the Muslim World, Global Vision Publishing House, First Edition 2003, Page 319]</i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Related:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a class="PXLWASD-F-i" href="http://peace-forum.blogspot.com/2016/01/genesis-of-terror.html" style="border: 0px; color: #1155cc; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap; width: auto;" target="_blank">Genesis of Terror & Road to Peace</a></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><b>~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~</b></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><u><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 25.2px;">Humanity, <span style="color: #38761d;">Religion</span>, <span style="color: #3d85c6;">Culture</span>, <span style="color: red;">Science</span>, </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-small; line-height: 25.2px;">Peace</span></u></span></b><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-33073097349730294392020-05-01T00:13:00.002-07:002023-02-07T08:50:16.265-08:00Lost Islamic History: Reclaiming Muslim Civilisation from the Past By Firas Alkhateeb<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif"><span id="docs-internal-guid-9865bdc2-7fff-6e0f-1fc3-e9807b7c3f2b"><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ur&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffreebookpark.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F05%2Flost-islamic-history.html&sandbox=1" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 10.5pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[ اردو ترجمہ ---- ]</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Islam has been one of the most powerful religious, social and political forces in history. Over the last 1400 years, from origins in Arab, a succession of Muslim polities and later empires expanded to control territories and peoples that ultimately stretched from southern France to East Africa and South East Asia. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Yet many of the contributions of Muslim thinkers, scientists and theologians, not to mention rulers, statesmen and soldiers, have been occluded. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">This book rescues from oblivion and neglect some of these personalities and institutions while offering the reader a new narrative of this lost Islamic history.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">The Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans feature in the story, as do Muslim Spain, the savannah kingdoms of West Africa and the Mughal Empire, along with the later European colonization of Muslim lands and the development of modern nation-states in the Muslim world.</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div dir="ltr">Throughout, the impact of Islamic belief on scientific advancement, social structures, and cultural development is given due prominence, and the text is complemented by portraits of key personalities, inventions and little known historical nuggets. The history of Islam and of the world's Muslims brings together diverse peoples, geographies and states, all interwoven into one narrative that begins with Muhammad and continues to this day.</div>
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Read online or download from ..... </span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-45df8c66-7fff-a063-2c91-d92499a2fdaf"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pdf </span><a href="https://bit.ly/3aXKVay" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://bit.ly/3aXKVay</span></a></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Google Doc: <a href="https://bit.ly/2VWeEwl" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/2VWeEwl</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2020/05/lost-islamic-history.html" target="_blank">https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2020/05/lost-islamic-history.html</a><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">Mr Imran Khan has advised the youth to read book “Lost Islamic History” by Firas Al Khateeb during lock down days. </span><span face=""arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif">The prime minister said the book is an excellent brief history of the driving force that made Islamic civilisation the greatest of its time and then the factors behind its decline.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-60709990050771798362020-03-02T23:17:00.000-08:002023-09-21T08:08:52.313-07:00Quran, Riba (Usury), Fiat Currency and Islamic Baking قرآن اور ربا کاغذی کرنسی اوراسلامک بنکنگ<div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILVb51FfhSFH8yiG8pmOfMG-iUVe0kCH7HTIfgz54P4znTysPuz54FiSflRtFkSRYmkSMMnoOjv-wm3BJ3tjlO9_RNfWZ8fEyYKRW0RwRNI4oJT-V6b6fKY8X8cY_Gro-ucn3V3FrrKi0MPMU-cVqnERj1K1jYkhDojN2ZVj6jJsTlKbr9BzRECWQKQ/s1212/Riba%20Title%202%20Eng.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1212" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiILVb51FfhSFH8yiG8pmOfMG-iUVe0kCH7HTIfgz54P4znTysPuz54FiSflRtFkSRYmkSMMnoOjv-wm3BJ3tjlO9_RNfWZ8fEyYKRW0RwRNI4oJT-V6b6fKY8X8cY_Gro-ucn3V3FrrKi0MPMU-cVqnERj1K1jYkhDojN2ZVj6jJsTlKbr9BzRECWQKQ/s320/Riba%20Title%202%20Eng.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: start;">Presenting incomplete Qur’anic injunctions is woefully misleading, deliberately omitting information is tantamount to lying، a </span><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/misquoting-quran.html" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">great sin.</a><span style="font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: start;">There is a famous saying that; a half truth is often a full lie. Allah says:</span></div><p></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">O People of the Book! why do you confuse the truth with falsehood and conceal the truth while you know [it]? (3:71)</em></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“So do you believe in part of the Scripture and disbelieve in part? Then what is the recompense for those who do that among you except disgrace in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the severest of punishment. And Allah is not unaware of what you do. (Qur’an 2:85).</em></p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #444444;">Let’s take an example: </span><a href="https://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2022/12/Riba.html#more" style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px;" title="Understanding The Quranic Concept of Riba (Usury) Ban, Fiat Currency and Islamic Baking: Scam of the Century Unveiled قرآن اور ربا: جنگ دراصل کون کر رہا ہے؟"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Keep reading ... »</span></a></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p dir="rtl" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />یٰۤاَیُّہَا الَّذِیۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡا ( O people who have believed), لَاتَقۡرَبُوا الصَّلٰوۃَ (do not approach the prayer) وَاَنۡتُمۡ سُکٰرٰی (while you are drunk) <a href="https://corpus.quran.com/wordbyword.jsp?chapter=4&verse=43#(4:43:1)" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">[Quran:4:43 ]</a></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">In this verse if the last part <del style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(وَاَنۡتُمۡ سُکٰرٰی) “while you are drunk”</del> is not presented, it will read:</p><p dir="ltr" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">” O people who have believed (یٰۤاَیُّہَا الَّذِیۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡا) do not approach the prayer (, لَاتَقۡرَبُوا الصَّلٰوۃَ).”</p><p dir="ltr" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The whole meanings have changed, Salah (prayer), the fundamental pillar of Islam has been negated through hiding, twisting part of verse. <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If the whole truth is not told, then people can be as if you were lying to them out rightly. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Therefore “<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Scam of the Century is Unveiled”</strong> here. Following two frequently quoted Quranic verses tell the whole truth about prohibition of Riba (usury) and its implication for the obedient servant, both aspects are equally important and both have to be implemented in later and spirit, which is the Theme of this Research:</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَذَرُوا مَا بَقِيَ مِنَ الرِّبَا إِن كُنتُم مُّؤْمِنِينَ ﴿٢٧٨﴾ فَإِن لَّمْ تَفْعَلُوا فَأْذَنُوا بِحَرْبٍ مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ ۖ وَإِن تُبْتُمْ فَلَكُمْ رُءُوسُ أَمْوَالِكُمْ لَا تَظْلِمُونَ وَلَا تُظْلَمُونَ ﴿٢٧٩﴾</span></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“O you who believe! Be careful of (your duty to) Allah and relinquish what remains (due) from Riba (usury), if you are believers. (</i><a href="https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=2&verse=278" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">278,</i></a><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) But if you do (it) not, then </i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">be apprised of war from Allah and His Apostle</i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">; and </i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">if you desist, repent,</i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> then </i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">you shall have your capital</i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">; neither shall you make (the debtor) suffer loss ( by asking for</i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> more</i><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">) nor shall you be made to suffer loss (through </i><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">decrease</i></b><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> in value of your capital)”</i><a href="https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sarwar/2:279" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(Quran 2;279)</i></a></p><p style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">Following options are available to the reader:-</p><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Raleway; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">☆ <a href="https://bit.ly/QuranOnRiba-pdf" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/QuranOnRiba-pdf</a> [eBook]</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">☆ </span><a href="https://bit.ly/QuranAurRibaUrdu-pdf" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/QuranAurRibaUrdu-pdf</a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> [ قرآن اور ربا- خلاصہ</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">]</span></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">☆ <a href="https://bit.ly/RibaQuranicConcept" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/RibaQuranicConcept</a> [Eng-Goog Doc]</div></div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">☆ <a href="https://salaamone.com/riba" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://SalaamOne.com/riba</a> [Englsih]</div><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Or... Keep reading below …….</div><div><br /></div><div><iframe height="1000px" src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTdcvT9uXc07t42n8TT-XjdzumXBf58s2kw4n3898D2jqNX39U0phz3whtqOAuE4BHw8gDk4vOJQu5Q/pub?embedded=true" width="100%"></iframe></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><span id="docs-internal-guid-9579a92d-7fff-46be-66f4-d7ee3cf98af9"><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scam 2</span></p><h4 style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Revision of Hadiths Collection</span></h4><div><h4 style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3a2f2f; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">According to the Golden Rules of Hadith Knowledge</span></h4></div><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Following “Rules of Hadith Knowledge”علم الحديث کے سات سنہری اصول -علم الحديث سبع( قواعد ذهبية ) have been drawn for the the Commandments , sayings of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and Quran.</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px; text-align: left;"><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rule #1.</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The Qur'an abrogates the Hadith, the Hadith cannot abrogate the Qur'an verses.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rule #2. </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hadith must "conform to the Qur'an and Sunnah".</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Principle #3 </span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Hadith must be compatible with intellect and understanding</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Principle #4</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Differentiate between Hadith Qudsi and Hadith of Prophet ﷺ </span></p></li><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rule #5:</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The Chain of narrators and their credentials</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rule #6</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: There is Only One Book, The Book of Allah (Quran)</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Principle #7</span><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Memorization and Recitation of Hadith</span></p></li></ul><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Obedience to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is like obedience to Allah, the punishment for disobedience is hell</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Muhadditheen and scholars are requested to play their role in completing this noble work of “Re-Compilation of Hadiths Collections” according to above mentioned Seven Rules. </b></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They can undertake this noble task individually or make teams. Resultantly only authentic Hadiths will be promoted, weak, controversial, concocted, superfluous Hadiths will get rejected. It may take years or centuries, the beginning must be made by taking the first step. Jazak Allah</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Golden Rules for Hadith: </span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><a href="https://wp.me/scyQCZ-criteria" target="_blank">https://wp.me/scyQCZ-criteria</a> (English) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><a href="https://bit.ly/Hadith-Basics" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Hadith-Basics</a> (Urdu)</span></span></li><li><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"><a href="https://wp.me/scyQCZ-index" target="_blank">https://wp.me/scyQCZ-index</a> (Englsih)</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif;"></span></span><p></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 2pt; margin-top: 2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AAK Hadith Collection</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span id="docs-internal-guid-9579a92d-7fff-46be-66f4-d7ee3cf98af9"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AAK-Hadith Notes Eng:</span><a href="https://bit.ly/Hadiths-Eng" style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://bit.ly/Hadiths-Eng</span></a></span></li><li><span id="docs-internal-guid-9579a92d-7fff-46be-66f4-d7ee3cf98af9"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">AAK-Hadith Notes Urdu (اردو ) : </span><a href="https://bit.ly/Hadiths" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://bit.ly/Hadiths</span></a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></li></ul></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-54936735386731189932020-03-01T12:54:00.000-08:002023-09-21T08:48:35.651-07:00Al-Khiafah is Relevant الخلافة<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp4b1CP7XUJ8ELA9dJ1ezUt8jn_WHWETkFRaekk-BdKz2LpVD_7OYzITQjDWmMxmpDg9ExV0obujgTo7JhMLh2_BWBtc2MFePNNTt7qk5s8MgL8pA2LVet0dDnYe9T5Gj5nbavfzVJyumK/s1007/Khilafah+2++Al+Eng+Ur+E+Book2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1007" data-original-width="848" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp4b1CP7XUJ8ELA9dJ1ezUt8jn_WHWETkFRaekk-BdKz2LpVD_7OYzITQjDWmMxmpDg9ExV0obujgTo7JhMLh2_BWBtc2MFePNNTt7qk5s8MgL8pA2LVet0dDnYe9T5Gj5nbavfzVJyumK/s320/Khilafah+2++Al+Eng+Ur+E+Book2.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">Many people think that in modern era there is no room for a primitive concept like Al-Khilafah, while others think that it is the only solution to the problems faced by Muslims. These two are extreme positions. The nostalgia of Caliphate lingers on the collective memory of Muslims as a symbol of unity in the glorious past. The urge for revival of splendor and dignity has turned some to make efforts for revival of the Caliphate, as a quick fix to the complex problems of lost identify and grandeur. This has alarmed the oppressive corrupt Muslim regimes as well as the neocolonial powers. While the viability of establishment of system of Caliphate in some form is yet a distant proposition, which is possible through evolutionary process. However there is a need to look in to this concept in political, economic, geographical, historic and religious perspective. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: left;"><b>Following</b></span><b> there are three e-book on Al-Khilafah . embedded below with links:</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="text-align: center;">Al-Khilafah [English] by Brig Aftab Khan</span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;">Al Khilafah الخلافة [Urdu]</li><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="text-align: center;"> </b><span style="text-align: center;">Khilfah in Pakistan: What? Why? How? By Dr. Israr Ahmad</span></span></li></ol><span><!--more--></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Al-Khilafah [English] by Brig Aftab Khan</b></span></div></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white;">Read eBook online or download:</span></li>
<li><a href="https://salaamone.com/al-khilafah/" target="_blank">https://salaamone.com/al-khilafah/</a> , <span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Google Doc: </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://bit.ly/2PJ9y1V" style="text-decoration-line: none;">http://bit.ly/2PJ9y1V</a> </span></li><li>الخلافة : <a href="https://salaamone.com/khilafah/">https://salaamone.com/khilafah/</a> ( اردو)</li><li>Khilafah through Terrorism is Un-Islamic: <a href="https://goo.gl/nPrX2D" target="_blank">Google Doc</a> ( updated 18/3/2021) </li>
</ul><div><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><u>Al-Khilafah - Books by Dr.Israr Ahmad</u></span></span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span id="docs-internal-guid-811f2396-7fff-f7a8-44e7-9da371473819"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://tanzeem.org/book_author/dr-israr-ahmed/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://tanzeem.org/book_author/dr-israr-ahmed/</a></span></span></li><li><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-043c0bbe-7fff-567c-d27e-c981d06734c3"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://tanzeem.org/books/khilafah-in-pakistan-what-why-and-how/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://tanzeem.org/books/khilafah-in-pakistan-what-why-and-how/</a></span></span></span></li><li><span><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-6255c8a3-7fff-a747-1a69-b22792464718"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://tanzeem.org/book_categories/english-books/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://tanzeem.org/book_categories/english-books/</a></span></span></span></span></li><li><span><span><span>Urdu: </span></span></span><span id="docs-internal-guid-0dc4225d-7fff-ff60-6f73-9f092605fb16"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://urdupub.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://urdupub.com/</a></span></span></li><li aria-level="1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://urdupub.com/b-101-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%90-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://urdupub.com/b-101-خلافت-کی-حقیقت-اور-عصرِ-حاضر-میں-اس-کا-نظام/</a></li><li aria-level="1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://urdupub.com/r-101-864/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%90-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%81-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #0274be; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s linear 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://urdupub.com/r-101-864/خلافت-کی-حقیقت-اور-عصرِ-حاضر-میں-اس-کا-نظام/خطبہ-ثانی/</a></li></ol></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlMHDMtiV8RSqrdqodAHHCiK4ispNUMQM" target="_blank">Al-Khilafah - Videos Playlist .....</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-weight: bold; height: 1.1363em; line-height: 1.1363em; margin: 0px 0px 5px; max-height: 1.1363em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><br /></p></div></div></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLlMHDMtiV8RSqrdqodAHHCiK4ispNUMQM" width="560"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>1-Al-Khilafah [English]</b> G</span><a href=" http://bit.ly/2PJ9y1V" target="_blank">oogle Doc English]</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<iframe height="1000px" src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQ0ksdRsS9ZxAMKPmujZ5CtfqgRN87en8qPEj-xo72wX17FJedVLm7oJRxD_k9jICEkltUczlqzGBA3/pub?embedded=true" width="100%"></iframe>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;"><b>2-<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ULoM9_cxPGe0_P2LWhzGsk264WQErgjRWurzE7aoLB0/edit?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Al Khilafah الخلافة [Urdu]</a></b></span></div><div><br /></div><iframe height="1000px" src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTago9pLDHWdurv9jQWaWXNNsYPnzoo3p-tL2xOSA2xP1aFacJb0wSK1VFwuxjw1YxL7KwMHcakriEc/pub?embedded=true" width="100%"></iframe> <div style="text-align: left;"><b>3-<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Z9AHuSz_ceBboHVr4YSRulM67aikI-4h/view" target="_blank"> Khilfah in Pakistan: What? Why? How? By Dr. Israr Ahmad [Google Doc]
<iframe height="1000px" src="https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSKVUN-U2sNVLmOh79E0Z0aSMpRxHIAFOlj4P42aB6fkdo0bk15Pvq8XJkRjVqhvpgYxxA6mNDH9lt0/pub?=true" width="100%"></iframe></a></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-647043161554496602020-03-01T02:11:00.000-08:002023-02-07T08:44:36.705-08:00The Prince by Machiavelli میکاولی کی مشہور کتاب "دی پرنس"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIbV1n7O6hO8iO8uPMyfTHHMtb2JAasARWVQyesH8xbFdeCaqPVJsBeQ1oHytoSxHy3cfIpQulHhxYdIMbDapYqWpQJYPoVlA0jff5XWSzXW1Ez_dI8lKQnBywN8fQ3WK-GVGIa7x_5JqI/s192/Prince.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="128" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIbV1n7O6hO8iO8uPMyfTHHMtb2JAasARWVQyesH8xbFdeCaqPVJsBeQ1oHytoSxHy3cfIpQulHhxYdIMbDapYqWpQJYPoVlA0jff5XWSzXW1Ez_dI8lKQnBywN8fQ3WK-GVGIa7x_5JqI/w213-h320/Prince.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;">The Prince is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy, especially modern political philosophy, in which the "effectual" truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal.</div><div class="separator" dir="rtl" style="clear: both;">میکاولی اپنے وقت کا جنیئس تھا مگر اُسے شیطان کا خطاب اس لئے دیا گیا کہ اس نے سیاست میں چھپے تمام شاطرانہ داو¿ پیچ بے نقاب کر دئیے ... مزید آخر پر .....</div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"> It is also notable for being in direct conflict with the dominant Catholic and scholastic doctrines of the time, particularly those concerning politics and ethics.</div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;">The Prince is a 16th-century political treatise written by Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli as an instruction guide for new princes and royals. The general theme of The Prince is of accepting that the aims of princes – such as :</div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><ul><li><b><i>Glory and survival – can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends.</i></b></li><li><b><i>Conquests by "criminal virtue" are ones in which the new prince secures his power through cruel, immoral deeds, such as the elimination of political rivals.</i></b></li><li><b><i>Machiavelli advises that a prince should carefully calculate all the wicked deeds he needs to do to secure his power, and then execute them all in one stroke. In this way, his subjects will slowly forget his cruel deeds and the prince can better align himself with his subjects. Princes who fail to do this, who hesitate in their ruthlessness, will have to "keep a knife by his side" and protect himself at all costs, as he can never trust himself amongst his subjects.</i></b></li><li><b><i>Machiavelli addressing how mercy can be misused which will harm the prince and his dominion. He ends by stating that a prince should not shrink from being cruel if it means that it will keep his subjects in line. </i></b></li><li><b><i>“If an injury has to be done to a man it should be so severe that his vengeance need not be feared.”</i></b></li><li><b><i><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1335445-de-principatibus-il-principe" target="_blank">More Quotes .... [...]</a></i></b></li></ul></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;">Machiavelli composed The Prince as a practical guide for ruling (though some scholars argue that the book was intended as a satire and essentially a guide on how not to rule). This goal is evident from the very beginning, the dedication of the book to Lorenzo de’ Medici, the ruler of Florence. The Prince is not particularly theoretical or abstract; its prose is simple and its logic straightforward. These traits underscore Machiavelli’s desire to provide practical, easily understandable advice.</div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;">The first two chapters describe the book’s scope. The Prince is concerned with autocratic regimes, not with republican regimes. The first chapter defines the various types of principalities and princes; in doing so, it constructs an outline for the rest of the book. Chapter III comprehensively describes how to maintain composite principalities—that is, principalities that are newly created or annexed from another power, so that the prince is not familiar to the people he rules. Chapter III also introduces the book’s main concerns—power politics, warcraft, and popular goodwill—in an encapsulated form.</div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;">Chapters IV through XIV constitute the heart of the book. Machiavelli offers practical advice on a variety of matters, including the advantages and disadvantages that attend various routes to power, how to acquire and hold new states, how to deal with internal insurrection, how to make alliances, and how to maintain a strong military. Implicit in these chapters are Machiavelli’s views regarding free will, human nature, and ethics, but these ideas do not manifest themselves explicitly as topics of discussion until later.</div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;">Chapters XV to XXIII focus on the qualities of the prince himself. Broadly speaking, this discussion is guided by Machiavelli’s underlying view that lofty ideals translate into bad government. This premise is especially true with respect to personal virtue. Certain virtues may be admired for their own sake, but for a prince to act in accordance with virtue is often detrimental to the state. Similarly, certain vices may be frowned upon, but vicious actions are sometimes indispensable to the good of the state. Machiavelli combines this line of reasoning with another: the theme that obtaining the goodwill of the populace is the best way to maintain power. Thus, the appearance of virtue may be more important than true virtue, which may be seen as a liability.</div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;">The final sections of The Prince link the book to a specific historical context: Italy’s disunity. Machiavelli sets down his account and explanation of the failure of past Italian rulers and concludes with an impassioned plea to the future rulers of the nation. Machiavelli asserts the belief that only Lorenzo de’ Medici, to whom the book is dedicated, can restore Italy’s honor and pride.</div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><ul><li><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince#Summary" target="_blank">Summary of book: ....... [.......]</a></li><li>The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli- <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232" target="_blank">Download Book .... [........]</a></li><li></li><li>Badshah(The Prince) <a href="https://archive.org/details/BadshahByMekawali/page/n125/mode/2up" target="_blank">By Niccolò Machiavelli [ میکاولی کی مشہور کتاب دی پرنس کا اردو ترجمہ]</a></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://archive.org/details/BadshahByMekawali/page/n125/mode/2up" target="_blank">میکاولی کی مشہور کتاب دی پرنس</a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div dir="rtl">یورپ کا ممتاز سیاسی مفکر نکولو مکیاویلی 3 مئی 1459ء کو اٹلی کے شہر فلورنس (فیرنزے) میں پیدا ہوا۔ اس کا باپ متوسط طبقے مگر اشراف کے گھرانے سے تھا اور وکالت کرتا تھا۔ مکیاویلی کا دور دراصل یورپی ممالک کی باہمی رقابت، محلاتی سازشوں اور سیاسی تبدیلیوں کا ہے۔ اس کے دور اندیش اور حساس ذہن نے ان سب کا زبردست اثر قبول کیا۔ اس نے سیاسیات پر اپنے تاثرات کو عقلیت کی کسوٹی پر پرکھ کر ریاست کے عروج و زوال کے اسباب بیان کیے اور1513ء میں (Il Principe) ’’بادشاہ‘‘ جیسی یگانہ روزگار کتاب لکھی۔</div><div dir="rtl">اپنی تحریروں میں مکیاویلی نظریہ جبر کا قائل نظر آتا ہے۔ وہ اس بات سے انکاری ہے کہ ریاست کا مقصد نیکی یا آذادی کا حصول ہے۔ وہ سیاسی مصلحتوں، سازشوں اور منافقت کو کامیاب ریاست کے اصول قرار دیتے ہوئے نہیں شرماتا۔ عرصے تک مکیاویلی کے نظریات اسی باعث حکمائے سیاست و کلیساء کی نفرت کا نشانہ بنے رہے۔ یورپ کی نشاۃ ثانیہ میں مکیاویلی کے بے لاگ اور تلخ حقیقتوں پر مبنی تحریروں کا بڑا ہاتھ ہے۔ دراصل اسی نے علم سیاسیات کو عملی بنیادوں پر وضع کیا۔1527ء میں اس فطین سیاسی حکیم کا فلورنس میں انتقال ہوا۔<a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" target="_blank"> [Wikipedia]</a></div><div dir="rtl"><br /></div><div dir="rtl">میکاولی اپنے وقت کا جنیئس تھا مگر اُسے شیطان کا خطاب اس لئے دیا گیا کہ اس نے سیاست میں چھپے تمام شاطرانہ داو¿ پیچ بے نقاب کر دئیے۔ اُس کا تعلق اگرچہ غریب خاندان سے تھا، تاہم جب پندرہویں صدی میں اٹلی کے مشہور میڈیچی خاندان کو زوال آیا اور وہاں ایک نئی ری پبلک قائم ہوئی تو اس کی ذہانت کو دیکھتے ہوئے حکومت کا ایک اہم عہدہ دیتے ہوئے فرسٹ سیکرٹری بنا دیا گیا۔ وہ 14 سال تک اس عہدے پر رہا اور اس نے اقتدار کی غلام گردشوں میں حکمرانوں کے لیل و نہار کو بہت قریب سے دیکھا.... پھر میڈیچی خاندان کے دوبارہ اقتدار میں آنے کے بعد اسے قید و بند کی صعوبتیں برداشت کرنا پڑیں تو اس نے اس عرصے میں کتاب لکھی، جس پر آنے والی کئی صدیوں تک تنقید ہوتی رہی اور آج بھی اِسے مہذب انسانیت کے لئے ایک تہمت قرار دیا جاتا ہے۔ حیران کن بات یہ ہے کہ اس کتاب کو ناپسندیدہ قرا ردئیے جانے کے باوجود دنیا کی طرز سیاست اور حکمرانی نے اس سے گہرے اثرات قبول کئے ہیں۔ کسی نے بہت صحیح کہا ہے کہ جیسے شیطان ناپسندیدہ ہونے کے باوجود اپنے اَن گنت چیلے پیدا کرنے میں کامیاب رہتا ہے۔ اسی طرح پندرہویں صدی کا یہ جینئس میکاولی بھی رعایا پر حکمرانی کرنے والے بے شمار چیلے پیدا کرنے میں کامیاب رہا اور اِس کا ”فیضان نظر“ آج بھی جاری ہے۔</div><div dir="rtl">آج پاکستان میں” سیاست نہیں ریاست بچاو¿ “جیسے نعرے بھی لگ رہے ہیں، تاہم صدیوں پہلے میکاولی نے سیاست کو آرٹ کا درجہ دے کر اس میں سے مذہب اور اخلاقیات کو خارج کر دیا تھا۔ شاید اِسی حوالے سے علامہ اقبالؒ نے کہا تھا کہ دین سیاست سے نکل جائے تو باقی چنگیزی رہ جاتی ہے۔ میکاولی نے حکمرانی کے کچھ ایسے اُصول پیش کئے جن سے ایک طوفان اٹھ کھڑا ہوا۔ تاہم آنے والے وقت میں حکمرانوں نے اِنہی اصولوں پر عمل پیرا ہو کر اپنے اقتدار کو دوام بخشا۔ حکمرانوں کے حوالے سے اُس کا کہنا تھا کہ اُنہیں چاہیے کہ اقتدار کو برقرار رکھنے کے لئے ہر حربہ استعمال کریں۔ چاہے وہ کتنا ہی ظالمانہ ہو۔ وہ کہتا ہے کہ حکمران اگراپنے اقتدار کو برقرار رکھنے کے لئے ظلم اور دھوکہ دہی سے کام لیتا ہو تو برُائی یا اچھائی ثانوی چیزیں ہیں۔ اصل چیز اقتدار ہے، جسے ہر قیمت پر قائم رہنا چاہئے۔ وعدہ خلافی، دھوکہ دہی اور طاقت کے بے محابا استعمال میں بھی کوئی مضائقہ نہیں ہے۔ ( میکاولی یہ بھی کہتا ہے کہ حکمران کیلئے اقتدار کو دوام بخشنے کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ حکمران عوام کو دھوکے میں رکھے اور یہ ظاہر کرے کہ وہ مذہبی آدمی ہے۔ وہ اقتدار کو قائم رکھنے اور مستحکم بنانے کے لئے مذہب کو ایک واسطے کے طور پر استعمال کرے، کیونکہ مذہب کے نام پر عوام کودھوکہ دے کر خود کو باآسانی مشکلات سے بچایا جاسکتا ہے۔</div><div dir="rtl">وہ کہتا ہے کہ حکمران یا بادشاہ کی ذاتی صلاحیتیں اور خوبیاں کوئی چیز نہیں ہوتیں۔ یہ صرف اس کی طاقت اور ذہانت ہے جو اس کا اقتدار برقرار رکھ سکتی ہے، اِس لئے اُسے طاقت کا بے دریغ استعمال کرنا چاہئے۔ اِس کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ وہ تمام اقسام کی سختیوں اور مظالم کو فوری طور پر نافذ کر دے۔ عوام کو مطیع اور فرمانبردار بنانے کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ ہر نوع کی بے انصافیاں اور ظلم و جبر ایک ساتھ شروع کر دئیے جائیں۔ وہ حکمرانوں کو یہ مشورہ بھی دیتا ہے کہ اقتدار کو دوام بخشنے کے لئے معاشرے کے معززین یا شرفاءپر انحصار کرنا کافی نہیں، کیونکہ یہ بہت چالاک اور مفاد پرست ہوتے ہیں، اُن کے برعکس عوام کو احمق اور فرمانبردار بنانا آسان ہوتا ہے، اِس لئے حکمرانوں کو عوام کا ذکر بار بار اور نجات دہندہ کے طور پر کرتے رہنا چاہئے۔ وہ اقتدار کو برقرار رکھنے کے خواہشمند حکمرانوں کو یہ مشورہ بھی دیتا ہے کہ وہ بیک وقت ایسا رویہ اختیار کریں کہ لوگ بیک وقت اُن سے خوف بھی کھائیں اور نفرت بھی نہ کریں۔ جب تک حکمرانوں کا خوف لوگوں کے دلوں پر قائم رہتا ہے، اُن کے اقتدار کو کوئی خطرہ لاحق نہیں ہوتا۔ انسان کی فطرت ہے کہ وہ بغاوت کا جذبہ رکھتا ہے، اِس لئے بغاوت کے اِس جذبے کو سختی سے کچل دینا چاہئے۔</div><div dir="rtl">پھر وہ ایک اور دلچسپ حقیقت بیان کرتا ہے۔ اُس کے خیال میں کامیاب حکمران کے لئے ضروری ہے کہ ُاس میں شیر اور لومڑی کی صفات بیک وقت موجود ہوں، کیونکہ شیر اپنے آپ کو پھندے اور جال سے بچانے کا گُر نہیں جانتا، جبکہ لومڑی خود کو بھیڑیوں سے نہیں بچا سکتی۔ اِس لئے حکمرانوں میں ایک خوبی تو لومڑی کی ہونی چاہئے کہ وہ خود کو سازشوں اور چالوں سے بچا سکے اور دوسری خوبی شیر کی ہونی چاہئے کہ وہ بھیڑیوں کو خوفزدہ کر سکے، جو حکمران خود کو صرف شیر سمجھنے لگتے ہیں ،وہ تادیر حکمرانی نہیں کر سکتے، لومڑی کی چالاکی بھی اقتدار کے دوام کے لئے ضروری ہے۔ ایک حکمران کے لئے اس وقت ایماندار اور مذہبی ہونا ضروری نہیں، جب مذہب اور دیانتداری اِس کے مفاد میں نہ جاتی ہو، لیکن اگر ایمانداری اور امن پسندی کا ڈھونگ اس کے مفاد میں ہو تو اسے یہ ڈھونگ ضرور رچانا چاہئے۔ وہ کہتا ہے کہ ایسا حکمران کبھی اپنا اقتدار قائم نہیں رکھ سکتا جو خود ہی اعتراف کرے کہ وہ عوام سے کئے گئے وعدے پورے نہیں کر سکا۔ وعدہ شکنی بھی اہل اقتدار کی ایک خوبی تصور ہوتی ہے۔</div><div dir="rtl">حکمران کو اپنے اصل ارادے اور منصوبے کو پوشیدہ رکھنا چاہئے۔ عوام بہت معصوم اور سیدھے سادے ہوتے ہیں، وہ آسانی سے دھوکہ کھا جاتے ہیں۔ اِس لئے جب تک حکمران انہیں چالاکی اور ہوشیاری سے دھوکہ دیتا رہے ،وہ فریب کھاتے رہتے ہیں۔ میکاولی حکمرانوں کو یہ بھی بتاتا ہے کہ عوام کی اکثریت اپنے حکمرانوں کو صرف دور سے دیکھتی ہے، انہیں چُھو نہیں سکتی، اِس لئے حکمرانوں کو اپنا گیٹ اپ ایسا بنانا چاہئے کہ وہ سراپا رحم دل اور پاکباز نظر آئیں، اندرخانے چاہے جو کچھ کرتے رہیں۔</div><div dir="rtl"><div dir="rtl">اقتدار کے خواہش مندوں کو رموزِ حکمرانی سکھانے والے پندرہویں صدی کے اس جینئس شیطان میکاولی کی کتاب ”پرنس“ نے دُنیائے سیاست اور نظریہءحکمرانی پر اَنمٹ اثرات مرتب کئے۔ اگرچہ یہ کتاب اُس کی زندگی میں شائع نہ ہو سکی، تاہم مرنے کے بعد اُسے ایک نئی زندگی دے گئی۔ لذتِ حکمرانی سے سرفراز ہونے والوں کی اکثریت اُس کی پیروکار بن گئی۔ خاص طور پر تیسری دُنیا کے حکمرانوں نے میکاولی کو اپنا امام تسلیم کر کے اپنے اقتدار کو دوام بخشنے کے لئے ہر وہ حربہ آزمایا جو اُس نے پرنس میں بیان کیا تھا۔</div><div dir="rtl"><br /></div><div dir="rtl">جہاں تک پاکستان کی تاریخ کا تعلق ہے تو حیرت سے دانتوں میں اُنگلیاں دبانے کی نوبت آجاتی ہے۔ اُف اس قدر مماثلت، اگر آج میکاولی زندہ ہوتا تو پاکستان کی 65 سالہ تاریخ پر ایک نئی کتاب ضرور لکھتا،جس میں بتاتا کہ اُس نے ”پرنس“ میں کامیاب حکمرانی کے جو سنہری اُصول پیش کئے تھے، اُنہیں پاکستان میں اِس خوبصورتی سے اپنایا گیا ہے کہ پاکستان ”پرنس“ کا عملی ماڈل نظر آتا ہے۔</div><div dir="rtl"> پاکستان میں میکاولی کے تصورِ حکمرانی اور تصور سیاست کا ڈنکا کچھ اِس زور سے بجا ہے کہ دونوں لازم و ملزوم ہو کر رہ گئے ہیں۔</div><div dir="rtl"> وطنِ عزیز میں ایک طرف معصوم، بھولے بھالے اور لائی لگ عوام نظر آتے ہیں اور دوسری طرف سیانا، شاطر اور اختیارات سے لیس طبقہ جو بیک وقت شیر اور لومٹری کی خصوصیات کا حامل ہے اور جس نے بڑی چالاکی سے عوام کو ہمیشہ دیوار کے ساتھ لگا کر میکاولی کے ”پرنس“ میں پائی جانے والی رعایا بنائے رکھا ہے جو آئین کی 62،63 شق کو حقارت کی نظر سے دیکھتا ہے اور اِسے جمہوریت کے خلاف سازش قرار دیتا ہے جو عوام کا روز و شب دم تو بھرتا ہے ، لیکن اُنہیں حقوق دینے کی راہ میں رکاوٹیں بھی کھڑی کرتا ہے۔ اِس بار حالات کچھ ایسا رُخ اختیار کر رہے ہیں کہ میکاولی کے پرنسوں کو بات بگڑتی دکھائی دے رہی ہے۔ عوام کے سامنے کئی پرنس بے نقاب ہو چکے ہیں اور بہت سوں کو یہ فکر کھائے جا رہی ہے کہ بدلے ہوئے حالات میں وہ کیا منہ لے کر عوام کے سامنے جائیں گے....؟ کہتے ہیں کہ بارہ سال بعد تو روڑی کی بھی سنی جاتی ہے ،جبکہ پاکستانی عوام کو تو 65 سال ہوگئے ہیں، اُس صبح کا انتظار کرتے، جس کا خواب اُن کے آباو¿ اجداد نے دیکھا تھا۔ عوام کو چاہیے کہ میکاولی کے پیروکاروں کو پہچانیں اوراُن کی چکنی چپڑی باتوں میں نہ آئیں۔ سیاستدانوں کو بھی اب یہ علم ہوجانا چاہئے کہ شیر اور لومڑی کے اشتراک سے کھیلا جانے والا کھیل عوام کو بغاوت پر اُکساتا ہے۔ وہ بغاوت کہ جو کاخِ امراءکے در و دیوار ہلا دیتی ہے۔ [نسیم شاہد ]</div><div dir="rtl"><a href="https://dailypakistan.com.pk/08-Feb-2013/33934" target="_blank">بشکریہ ڈیلی پاکستان : https://dailypakistan.com.pk/08-Feb-2013/33934</a></div></div></div><div class="separator" dir="ltr" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IHcqIl8vT44" width="320" youtube-src-id="IHcqIl8vT44"></iframe></div><br /><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">References/ Links<br /><ol><li>Quotes: <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince" target="_blank">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince</a></li><li>Download : <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232" target="_blank">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232</a></li><li><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1335445-de-principatibus-il-principe" style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;">https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1335445-de-principatibus-il-principe</a></li><li><a href="https://dunya.com.pk/index.php/special-feature/2018-01-07/20469" target="_blank">https://dunya.com.pk/index.php/special-feature/2018-01-07/20469</a></li></ol>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-14773637859173464172019-01-15T06:31:00.001-08:002023-02-07T08:52:46.999-08:00Top 400 Classic Books on Philosophy, Spirituality, Psychology, Politics, Economics Business, Success, Prosperity - Summaries <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="text-align: justify;">The bestselling 50 Classics series aims to expand your mind, leading you to discover people, ideas and books you may not have found otherwise. Each 50 Classics book consists of fifty insightful, engaging commentaries on the key writings in a subject, along with key quotes and biographies of the authors. By distilling the essence of major books for you, Tom saves you precious time and money. </span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The 50 Classics series began with 50 Self-Help Classics and has since covered the key books in Success, Spirituality, Psychology, Prosperity, Philosophy, Politics, Economics and now Business. Tom's books have been translated into 25 languages and sold over 400,000 copies.</span></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Find out more...</span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="text-align: left;">The </span><strong style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-classics-series.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">50 Classics</a></strong><span style="text-align: left;"> concept is based on the idea that every subject or genre will contain at least 50 books that encapsulate its knowledge and wisdom. By creating a list of those landmark or representative titles, then providing commentaries that note the key points and assess the importance of each work, you, the reader, will learn about valuable books you may otherwise have never discovered. </span></div>
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The 50 Classics series began with <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-self-help-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">50 Self-Help Classics</a>, and has since covered the key books in <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-success-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Success</a>, <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-spiritual-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Spirituality</a>, <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-psychology-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Psychology</a>, <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-prosperity-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Prosperity</a>, <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-philosophy-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Philosophy</a>, <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-politics-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Politics</a>, <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-economics-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Economics</a> and <a href="http://www.butler-bowdon.com/50-business-classics.html" style="border: 0px; color: #d75f04; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;">Business</a>.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-69235700911609089642017-04-04T02:13:00.002-07:002023-02-07T09:02:57.961-08:00Don't blame Muslims & Islam for Wars and Terrorism<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqOTZdfuypk6Gz56QcRQTBW0wWFFqaBwxrBWDe0TlfYNxR2SD-JTppUH3w8EJJTrGSl9ImC9cY16HkkOWAo6qiMRc33AI_dRDaPAJ5Yl2-wZCTsdSBKYiazQBGj2Q4I3pEsCoZrK3WMUgK8ekVRYV0rfce-_ATjA-_G7scMWxLtxNp43pzXlTEzUZRQ/s300/terrorism-has-no-religion-300x213.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="300" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqOTZdfuypk6Gz56QcRQTBW0wWFFqaBwxrBWDe0TlfYNxR2SD-JTppUH3w8EJJTrGSl9ImC9cY16HkkOWAo6qiMRc33AI_dRDaPAJ5Yl2-wZCTsdSBKYiazQBGj2Q4I3pEsCoZrK3WMUgK8ekVRYV0rfce-_ATjA-_G7scMWxLtxNp43pzXlTEzUZRQ/s1600/terrorism-has-no-religion-300x213.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: small; vertical-align: baseline;">US and West is targeting Muslims on the pretext of the war against terrorism. He is under influence of a common myth invented after 911, by the Christian fundamentalists, Neocons and Islamophobes. According to this myth Islam is to be blamed for militancy and terrorism for fuelling wars. This is corollary to the earlier myth persistently propagated mostly by atheists that: “The religion is to be totally blamed as the main cause of violence and wars throughout the history of mankind” with the change that, the word ‘religion’ has been replaced with ‘Islam’. This trend is highly dangerous, counterproductive, un-American and inhuman, many civilised people in West and elsewhere have also been influenced by this negative propaganda. The rhetoric and actions of President Trump and his administration are fueling the anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant bigotry that exists among Trump supporters. The controversial executive order (suspended by courts), which some are now referring to as a “Muslim ban,” stops immigration to the U.S. for all nationals of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Syria, Sudan and Yemen for 90 to 120 days, with the acceptance of Syrian refugees indefinitely suspended. It also contains a provision giving preferential treatment to minority religions, that is non-Muslims, in these countries. Trump himself announced that priority would be given to Christian refugees. And this move, reinforces the administration’s apparent focus on Islam as a means to defeat terrorists. Trump is using religion as a tool to get political support from the vote bank he created through his hate campaign. BJP lead Indian government is also openly adhering to anti Muslim policies. Such an open anti Muslim attitudes by so called biggest democracies is against the basic norms of democracy. Keep reading here >>>>> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/02/religion-cause-wars.html" target="_blank">http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/02/religion-cause-wars.html </a></span></div></span></h1>
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<span><a name='more'></a></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why blame Muslims & Islam for Wars and Terrorism?</span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-b4f53728-3f10-2707-48f7-102584469685" style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Read online or Download: <a href="https://goo.gl/zAIhiz" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/zAIhiz</a></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Aftab Khan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<a href="http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://Aftabkhan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-net.page.tl</span></a></div>
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" 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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="Related image" src="http://themillenniumreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/War-on-terror-actually-aimed-at-Islam.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If it is assumed for a moment, that Islam is especially predisposed towards violence, then one has to prove why the history of Jihadi terrorism is so very short: this is emphatically a late 20th and early 21st century phenomenon, yet Islam has been around since the seventh century, writes David Shariatmadari in The Guardian. What about its wars of conquest? Well they definitely happened, but not in a way that marks Islam out from other cultures. The subsequent wave of imperial expansionism came via the sky-worshipping Mongols, before they settled down to become Muslims. Not only that, the dominant (often genocidal) military powers since the 17th century have been Christian – and they frequently regarded themselves as having a religious mission. Islam isn’t a pacifist religion, some aspects of Islamic teaching do indeed justify some kinds of resistance but under special conditions including self defence and against oppression.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Violence also advocated in Christianity, Judaism and other world faiths. Since that’s the case, and since we know that violence in the name of Islam has waxed and waned, it follows that we cannot look simply to theology to explain recent Islam-inspired terrorism. What had changed? Not the religion. A political earthquake had occurred and religion was now being used by those in power as a vehicle for massive social reorganisation. But what this story captures is a tendency among non-Muslims to attribute magical, ahistorical qualities to Islam – to appeal to it as a black box when events are perplexing, or, as is sometimes the case, when their own wrongheaded policies are implicated.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It’s here that the question of politics – geopolitics – becomes inescapable. The Qur’an and the hadith, the sources of Islam, didn’t get rewritten in the last few decades. But they were taken up and used by certain political actors to justify horrific violence. Why? The answer must lie among the political, economic, military and social changes in the Middle East in present times, and how they have ramified in the wider world. It’s only by looking beyond the texts that we can hope to understand why certain interpretations of them have gained currency among a tiny minority – but a minority willing to indiscriminately kill civilians Muslims and non Muslims alike. If it is believed that the causes of terrorism are embedded in the Qur’an and hadith, one is proving unable to deal with the complexities of a world in which politics – including military and non-military intervention by foreign powers – interacts with religion. Saying “there’s something special about Islam” saves the people from making the effort to learn more about this faith, the people who practice it and the conditions they live in. For some Islamophobes which includes Steve Bannon, Marine Le Pen and more than a few British pundits – the natural conclusion is that people should be convinced to abandon Islam, and if that doesn’t work, it should be driven out. This, of course, would be a grossly illiberal and violent programme due to long tradition of nationalism and supremacism in the west.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Statistics of Terrorism in USA:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the period from 1970 to 2015, according to data from the Global Terrorism Database, there have been 2,692 terrorist attacks in the United States. Muslims committed only 26 of these attacks, and, of these 26 attacks, the vast majority were committed by U.S. citizens as opposed to refugees or recently arrived immigrants. Pro-life, environmental, racially motivated or anti-government extremists accounted for the majority of these terrorist attacks, including a number of attacks targeting Muslims and their mosques. And in the United States, according to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, you are as likely to die by being crushed by heavy furniture as you are by being killed by a terrorist.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religious Wars in History:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is historical fact that Crusades and the Thirty Years’ War were basically fought on religious ideology, but it is oversimplification to assert that religion has been the primary cause of such wars. In most recent history, USA in eighties. exploited Muslim concept of Jihad, by creating, training, equipping and financing the Mujahedeen in Afghanistan brought from all over the Muslim world to fight against USSR for its defeat and disintegration. For USA it was not religious war but the war of power struggle between Capitalists versus Communist ideology for which religious sentiments of Muslims were exploited to get cheap, highly motivated cannon fodder. Later the Mujahedeen gave birth to Taliban and Al-Qaida, rest is history. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="192" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ZQizvwmZyh2FT5sdPtYenVmTvaAJdHP3m2B9-CxYtsvHcdTVaRBNZVI04H5mITpjKJKPBinyZLBlcFv5le3DdtIusc9P2wL0vd8Lcr_Qwbi4--5_y_-5W_oXjdZCbCgsJQqOmTjuZ8YRKKrs" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="402" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As a sequel, the terrorists used Islam as the cover, pretending to be motivating spirit behind 9/11, while the main cause was reaction to the US hegemony, unjust oppression of Muslims and occupation of their lands, control of resources [Oil] in the Middle East and elsewhere. The aftermath of 911; US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan clearly proved these concerns to be genuine. Most of the conflicts like Northern Ireland, Bosnia, East Timor, Sudan, Sri Lanka had territorial and political reasons at times mixed up with religious fervour. The statement by Sam Harris, contemporary critic of religion and proponent of scientific skepticism and the "New Atheism" in his book “The End of Faith” that: “faith and religion are “the most prolific source of violence in our history” is not supported by ground realities as the statistics to follow indicate. </span></div>
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<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">War is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states or non-state actors. According to Wikipedia; War is generally characterised by extreme violence, social disruption and economic destruction. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention. The set of techniques used by a group to carry out war is known as warfare. An absence of war is usually called peace.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">While some scholars see warfare as an inescapable and integral aspect of human nature, others argue that it is only inevitable under certain socio-cultural or ecological circumstances. For some the practice of war is not linked to any single type of political organization or society. Rather, as discussed by John Keegan in “A History of Warfare”, war is a universal phenomenon whose form and scope is defined by the society that wages it. Another argument suggests that since there are human societies in which warfare does not exist, humans may not be naturally disposed for warfare, which emerges under particular circumstances. Wars are mostly caused by lust for power, wealth, control of resources, exploitation, colonisation, to establish racial or religious, ideological superiority. </span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Causes of Wars:</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is no scholarly agreement on which are the most common motivations for war. Motivations may be different for those ordering the war than for those undertaking the war. Since many people are involved, a war may acquire a life of its own from the confluence of many different motivations. An interpretation of the ancient Jewish commentary (Be Reshit Rabbah) on the fight between Cain and Abel in Genesis 4 (Parashot BeReshit XXII:7) states that there are three universal reasons for wars: 1) Economics, 2) Power, and 3) Religion. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Why Nations Go to War, by John G. Stoessinger, the author points out that both sides will claim that morality justifies their fight. He also states that the rationale for beginning a war depends on an overly optimistic assessment of the outcome of hostilities (casualties and costs), and on misperceptions of the enemy's intentions.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Based on the extensive study of inter-state wars since 1648, Richard Ned Lebow outlines his analysis of the motivations which underpin warfare. He finds that contrary to the expectations of most international relations theories, wars fought primarily for reasons of security, or material interests, have been relatively rare. Rather, motivations related to a nation’s ‘spirit’, such as the standing of a country or revenge, have been the principal causes of most wars.</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What is a 'just cause'?</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The belligerents try to justify the war being “Just”. A war is only just if it is fought for a reason that is justified, and that carries sufficient moral weight. The country that wishes to use military force must demonstrate that there is a just cause to do so. The main just cause is to put right a wrong. Sometimes a war fought to prevent a wrong from happening may be considered a just war. In modern times wars to defend the innocent are increasingly regarded as just (which fits with the idea in some religious literature that it is better to defend an innocent than to defend oneself). </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“To those against whom war is made permission is given (to fight) because they are wronged and verily Allah is Most powerful for their aid. (They are) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">those who have been expelled from their homes in defiance of right</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (for no cause) except that they say "Our Lord is Allah." Did not Allah check one set of people by means of another there would surely have been pulled down monasteries churches synagogues and mosques in which the name of Allah is commemorated in abundant measure. Allah will certainly aid those who aid His (cause); for verily Allah is Full of Strength Exalted in Might.(Qur’an;22:39-40).” </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some of the possible “Just causes” are:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-defence:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Invasion</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: The clearest example of a just cause is self-defence against an aggressor. For example when an enemy has crossed your borders and invaded your territory. But an actual invasion is not required. The self-defence cases below are less obviously just causes for war - whether they are or not depends on how severe a particular case is:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Attack on national honour: (eg burning the flag, attacking an embassy)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Attack on state religion</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Economic attack:(trade embargo or sanctions)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Assassination of a prominent person: - a monarch or president</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Attack on a neighbour or ally</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Preemptive strike: attacking the enemy to prevent an anticipated attack by them. Preemptive strikes may no longer be acceptable by UN members, since the Charter says that short of actual attack, "all Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means" (Article 2:3)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Assisting an invaded friendly nation.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Human rights violations: Another common example is putting right a violation of human rights so severe that force is the only sensible response. </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To punish an act of aggression: This is not accepted by everyone. Some people would say that a war of punishment can never be a just war.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In 1993 the US Catholic Conference defined just cause: Force may be used only to correct a grave, public evil, i.e., aggression or massive violation of the basic rights of whole populations.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the strategic and tactical aspects of warfare are always changing, theories and doctrines relating to warfare are often reformulated before, during, and after every major war. Carl von Clausewitz said, 'Every age had its own kind of war, its own limiting conditions, and its own peculiar preconceptions.' The one constant factor is war’s employment of organized violence and the resultant destruction of property and/or lives that necessarily follows.</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religious War:</span></h2>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A religious war is a war caused by, or justified by, differences in religion. The European wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries are the classical example, often referred to simply as "the wars of religion". Earlier (medieval) wars also frequently cited as "religious wars" include the Muslim conquests (7th to 19th centuries) and the Christian military excursions against the Muslim conquests, including the Crusades (11th to 13th centuries), the Spanish Reconquista (8th to 15th centuries) and the Ottoman wars in Europe (15th to 19th centuries).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="202" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/gHtR8GS7_28dI25o6pLodkYeduga-BMIecc5bWQSr1ndPcY_N8ZpNszOLMs80lCS0RKqGkp9qxg95nt_LzpHjMtqheBUGu8nlL4SksvqdefMBU7b3VRpChe8XhZk5XCRQjNVzXgB_nhZPHko" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="384" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religion is a powerful motivator, and thus is often invoked in wartime, but the real reasons most wars have been fought have nothing to do with it, while some verses are interpreted by extremists to justify violence,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> following verses from Quran and Bible are clear:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“There shall be no coercion in matters of faith. Distinct has now become the right way from [the way of] error: hence, he who rejects the powers of evil and believes in God has indeed taken hold of a support most unfailing, which shall never give way: for God is all-hearing, all-knowing.(Quran;2:256)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“.. whoever kills a human being, unless it is in the course of justice for murder or bloody crimes on the earth, it shall be as if he killed all mankind. And whoever saves one life it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind.(Quran,5:32)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“And Fight in God's cause against those who wage war against you, but do not commit aggression - for, verily, God does not love aggressors.”(Qur’an;2:190)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Permission to fight back (Qital) is hereby granted to the believers against whom war is waged and because they are oppressed; certainly Allah has power to grant them victory” (Qur’an;22:39</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“ “As for such ([of the unbelievers) as do not fight against you on account of (your] faith), and neither drive you forth from your homelands, God does not forbid you to show them kindness and to behave towards them with full equity: for, verily, God loves the equitable.(Qur’an;60:8)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God” (Mathew;5:9)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed the evil thoughts, fornications, thefts, murders, adulteries, deeds of coveting and wickedness, as well as deceit, sensuality, envy, slander, pride and foolishness. All these evil things proceed from within and defile the man” (Mark 7:21–23)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “What is the source of quarrels and conflicts among you? Is not the source your pleasures that wage war in your members? You lust and do not have; so you commit murder. You are envious and cannot obtain; so you fight and quarrel” (James 4:1–2)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Instead, the causes of wars have to do with political control—either allowing certain political leaders to gain or remain in power (e.g., who is the rightful heir to the throne) or they have to do with gaining political control of resources (e.g., land, money, food supplies, transportation and trade routes) or they have to do with a particular leader’s ambitions (i.e., being remembered as a great man, or not being remembered as a weak man). When leaders aren’t being totally naked about those things, they dress them up with national pride or religion, but ultimately they are not at the root. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In more recent times, since the mid 20th century, violent conflicts along religious lines have frequently been conflated with ethnic issues; examples would include the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Insurgency in the North Caucasus, the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Yugoslav Wars, the Second Sudanese Civil War, the Syrian civil war or the Nigerian Sharia conflict, among others. Other ongoing conflicts are predominantly motivated by religious extremism, i.e. involving a faction using Islamic Jihadism, among others those in Afghanistan and North-West Pakistan, Iraq, the Maghreb, Yemen, Somalia, and the Philippines, and the genocides and assimilation of the First Nations in North America.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Medieval and Renaissance wars were also typically about control and wealth as city-states vied for power, often with the support, but rarely instigation, of the Church. And the Mongol Asian rampage, which is thought to have killed nearly 30 million people, had no religious component whatsoever.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some commentators claim that religion as a reason for war has decreased due to the increasing secularization of Western society. This is also false. As Rabbi Alan Lurie explains:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“The wars of the ancient world were rarely, if ever, based on religion. These wars were for territorial conquest, to control borders, secure trade routes, or respond to an internal challenge to political authority. In fact, the ancient conquerors, whether Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, or Roman, openly welcomed the religious beliefs of those they conquered, and often added the new gods to their own pantheon.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arab Muslims conquered the surrounding land occupied by Christendom. Later wars among Umayyad and Abbasids were for power. The Turks, Iranians, Arabs fighting among themselves, wars for power and resources. The invasions of India from central Asia, involved Muslims conquering and reconquering India by Muslims on both sides, how could it be called religious wars? Timor lane killed thousands of Muslims in his lust for power and empire building. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Think of the modern wars. The American Revolution, World War I, World War II, Vietnam, Korea; None of these wars were fought for religious reasons. In fact, the bloodiest and most deadly wars of recent history were demonstrably motivated by something other than religion: out of whack nationalism (WWI), anti religious fascism (WWII), and atheistic Communism (Korea, Vietnam, the atrocities of Stalin and Mao).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="Image result for islam is not terrorism" 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" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLD1A1D54F08E58D99" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;" width="560"></iframe></span></div>
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<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jihad - Misused:</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the present environment of universal turmoil especially in the post 911 scenario, the Muslims have become a target of universal hate propaganda. In 80s USA used the concept of Jihad to defeat USSR in Afghanistan. The Mujahedeen were brought from all over the Muslim world, they were financed, equipped and trained under patronage of USA. They were treated with honor and respect at White House.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="290" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/XVhu3u2eEoPxg7E3WY9w2Q2-dUgwx78H-qHU4vnPSwgj5acn7PfBF5AOBVsZEH99kllsKkWugJ8zlZwJ5-IbAztZCpCFXTEkan6GO6Tyoro3_eW1wTSwTsx0lju3CZKZZZ4FPNS7q8BhFZNw" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="552" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the defeat of USSR they were abandoned, the civil war in Afghanistan provided persons like Osama bin Ladin to work on their own agenda. They declared war against USA and they Muslims who did not support their worldview.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some verses from Qur’an are mostly misquoted to defend killing of non believers and to project a permanent state of armed conflict (Jihad) between Muslims and non believers. The ignorant terrorists thus facilitate the anti Muslim lobbies to propagate and protect all Muslims as intolerant, warmongers and terrorists. Even some ignorant Muslims also fall prey to this fallacy. It is important that the misconceptions are removed by understanding the concept of Jihad in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah. ‘Tolerance’ has always been hallmark of Islamic heritage. Legitimate armed struggle from foreign occupation is an internationally recognized form of warfare. The resistance to occupation of Palestine, Kashmir, Iraq (now ruled by puppet government), Afghanistan and other Muslims lands falls into this category.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The doctrine Jihad lays down guidelines and principles, to be adhered by a Muslim while striving against various forms of resistance, internal (against selfish desires and evil temptations) or external for the cause of Allah. Muslims are required to make persistent effort to serve the cause of Islam. That effort, whatever its future, falls within the meaning of the term “jihad-fi-Sabi-Lillah” (Jihad for the cause of Allah). Jihad is derived from the Arabic word ‘Juhd’, which means “effort”. The verb Jahida means ‘to be tried as a result of exerting an effort or energy; striving, making endeavor’. So Jihad is to contend with difficulties and to work continually, especially with strenuous effort. The term presupposes that such an effort will be made against resistance. Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: The best fighting (Jihad) in the path of Allah is (to speak) a word of justice to an oppressive ruler</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. (Sunan of Abu Dawood:2040). While term ‘Jihad’ has wider application, the term Qital is used in the meaning of ‘warfare’ or armed struggle. Qital may be part of Jihad but every Jihad is not necessarily warfare.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Evil Caliphate of Terrorists تکفیری خوارج کی دیشت گرد شیطان خلافت </span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">Countering Narrative of Terrorists-1</span><span style="color: #444444;">: </span></span><a href="http://takfiritaliban.blogspot.com/2017/03/caliphate-of-terrorists.html" style="background-color: transparent; color: #444444;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://takfiritaliban.blogspot.com/2017/03/caliphate-of-terrorists.html</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://takfiritaliban.blogspot.com/2017/03/dogs-of-hell.html" target="_blank">Countering Narrative of Terrorists-2:</a> </span></span><a href="http://takfiritaliban.blogspot.com/2017/03/dogs-of-hell.html" style="background-color: white; color: #073763; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">The Dogs of Hell: <span style="font-size: xx-small;"> http://takfiritaliban.blogspot.com/2017/03/dogs-of-hell.html</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_HRDNq3ItIIzw4gRELfY332H0sM28gFXjr1M9hp9U8d52HlzmnhlWnTdiTMUX6qZ0mIVZM7deVANWC1b9RbYCdMtbjV1U6BJEO9oPQu5FOJXf_6XyVCVk_w24ODLoXVrdFpWyZbuEGJM/s1600/ISIS-Islamic-State-Cyber-Caliphate-hacking-678221.jpg" style="color: #073763; font-size: 15.4px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB_HRDNq3ItIIzw4gRELfY332H0sM28gFXjr1M9hp9U8d52HlzmnhlWnTdiTMUX6qZ0mIVZM7deVANWC1b9RbYCdMtbjV1U6BJEO9oPQu5FOJXf_6XyVCVk_w24ODLoXVrdFpWyZbuEGJM/s320/ISIS-Islamic-State-Cyber-Caliphate-hacking-678221.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.098) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 15.4px;">Read online or offline as google doc:</span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><a href="https://goo.gl/nPrX2D" style="color: #073763; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://goo.gl/nPrX2D</a></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After thirteen years of worst oppression and persecution by the pagans of Makkah, the early Muslims had to migrate to Medina as they were not permitted by God to fight even in self defence. Ultimately the armed struggle was initially permitted to defend the frail expanding Muslim community at Medina; strategically it was defensive in nature: “To those against whom war is made permission is given (to fight) because they are wronged and verily Allah is Most powerful for their aid. (They are) those </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">who have been expelled from their homes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in defiance of right (for no cause) except that they say "Our Lord is Allah." Did not Allah check one set of people by means of another there would surely have been pulled down monasteries churches synagogues and mosques in which the name of Allah is commemorated in abundant measure. Allah will certainly aid those who aid His (cause); for verily Allah is Full of Strength Exalted in Might.(Qur’an;22:39-40).” “Those who believe and adopt exile and fight for the faith in the cause of Allah as well as those who give (them) asylum and aid these are (all) in very truth the believers: for them is the forgiveness of sins and a provision most generous.”(Qur’an;8:75). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Later in order to enable the Muslims to extend the influence of Islam outside Arabia, they were enjoined to confront the non-Muslim powers to extend the sovereignty of the Islamic State to grant the freedom to the non believers to accept Islam with free will or choose to follow their old faith, provided they paid Jizyah (poll tax) for their protection and exemption from military service:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“O believers! Fight the unbelievers who hem you in, to let them know how tough you are; you should know that Allah is on the side of the God fearing.””(Qur’an;9:123). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Misconceptions:</span></h3>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meanings of Jihad: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The term “Jihad” has much wider significance than a military campaign and open warfare as commonly perceived. Jihad could be with “the heart” (intentions or feelings), with “the hand” (weapons etc) a simple action, such as standing firm in defense of the cause of Islam or “with tongue” (expression through speech or writing etc). This may require speaking out in public, for extending invitation of Islam to non believers (Dawah, preaching), against ignoring Islamic principles, and writing articles or publishing books to promote Islam. Since Islam is the faith of “Peace”, the early Muslim community was urged to conduct the Bigger Jihad (Jihad Kabira), through Qur’an, i.e. preaching of Allah’s message. Allah says in Qur’an: “therefore, do not yield to the unbelievers, and make Jihad (strive) against them with this Qur'an, a mighty Jihad (strenuous striving).”(Qur’an;25:52). The aim of making Strenuous Efforts (Jihad) is three fold:</span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The first and foremost Jihad is to; ‘Strive Against Selfish Desires’ (Nafs ammarah), to purify the heart, so that the faith (Eman) of Islam is deeply rooted in the heart, to become fully subservient to the commands of God and His Apostle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Allah says: “The Bedouin Arabs say: "We have believed." Tell them: "You have not believed; rather say 'We have become Muslims;' for faith has not yet found its way into your hearts. If you obey Allah and His Apostle, He will not deny you the reward of your deeds; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.”(Qur’an;49:14), “(We take our) color from Allah, and who is better than Allah at coloring. We are His worshippers.”(Qur’an;2:138). Abu Bakr is reported to have said; To fight against the infidels is Jihad, but to fight against your evil self (Nafs ammarah) is greater Jihad. It may also take the form of reminding people of their Islamic duties and motivating them to conduct their lives according to Islam. God says: “The true believers, both men and women, are protectors of one another. They enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil; they establish prayer (Salah), practice regular charity (Zakah), and obey God Allah and His Apostle. It is they on whom God will have His mercy; surely God is Mighty, Wise.”(Qur’an;9:71). </span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Secondly, making strenuous efforts (Jihad) to convey the Last message of God (Islam) to the humanity(Dawah) because Allah says: “Thus We have appointed you (Muslims) a middle nation, that ye may be witnesses against mankind, and that the messenger may be a witness against you.”( Qur’an;2:143), : “You (Muslims) are the best of peoples evolved for mankind enjoining what is right forbidding what is wrong and believing in Allah.”(Qur’an;3:110), “We have given the Book as an inheritance to those of Our servants (Muslims) whom We have chosen”.(Qur’an;35:32). The Prophet (peace be upon him) in his last sermon said: “O’ People, no prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith will be born. Reason well, therefore, O People, and understand my words which I convey to you. I leave behind me two things, the Qur'an and my example, the Sunnah and if you follow these you will never go astray. All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again; and may the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. Be my witness oh Allah that I have conveyed your message to your people.” As true followers of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), it is the obligation of Muslims to pass on the Guidance and the Religion of Truth (Islam) to the humanity. This is a great responsibility so Muslims have to gain knowledge of Islam, practice it and then convey to the humanity. </span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thirdly Jihad is to be conducted to provide protection to Muslims and non Muslims against oppression. Allah says: “He is the Lord of the east and the west: there is no God but Him, therefore, take Him as your Protector”(Qur’an;73:9), “And what reason do you (Muslims) have not to fight in the cause of God, to rescue the helpless oppressed old men, women, and children who are crying: "Our Lord! Deliver us from this town whose people are oppressors; send us a protector by Your grace and send us a helper from Your presence?”(Qur’an;4:75). All out efforts are to be made to preserve Islam, and to create conducive environments for freely conveying the message of Islam to all the people, without any coercion. So that they may ponder and accept or reject it by their free choice using their reason and intellect in line with the teachings of Qur’an: “as for those who are bent on denying the truth and on </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">barring (others) from the path of God</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - all their (good) deeds will He let go to waste;'”- - - “Now when you meet (in war) those who are bent on denying the truth,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">smite their necks until you overcome them fully, and then tighten their bonds;</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">but thereafter [set them free,] either by an act of grace or against ransom, so that the burden of war may be lifted:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">thus [shall it be]. And [know that] had God so willed, He could indeed punish them [Himself]; but [He wills you to struggle] so as to test you [all] by means of one another. And as for those who are slain in God's cause, never will He let their deeds go to waste: (Qur’an;47:1 & 4). Hence like any other struggle, Jihad also has defensive as well as offensive implications depending upon social, geopolitical, socio-economic, military, religious and other considerations. According to the traditional procedure of Allah, the rejection of Message by the direct recipient form the Apostle (Rasool) are entitled to Divine punishment through the messenger and his followers. This Divine punishment was accomplished in case of Arabs in the life time of Apostle and for the neighboring powers through his companions. It is no more applicable now. Jihad is a life-long mission for the Muslim as a community to struggle against all evils, socio-economic, cultural, educational and political dogmas; superstitious and mythological concepts; and directing the Muslims towards obedience to Allah, enlightenment, refinement, scientific progress, dignified character and honest actions. Its top and most noble form is to fight the enemies of Islam in battle in order to foil their attempts to suppress the Muslims and the invitation to Islam. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Forced Conversion to Islam not Permissible: </span></h3>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conversion by force is prohibited in Islam. Allah says: “There shall be </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">no coercion</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in matters of faith. Distinct has now become the right way from the (way of ) error: hence, he who rejects the powers of evil and believes in God has indeed taken hold of support most unfailing, which shall never give way: for God is all-hearing, all-knowing.”(Qur’an;2:256). “So if they argue with you, tell them: "I have submitted myself entirely to Allah and so have those who follow me." Then ask those who are given the Book and those who are illiterates (not having revealed scriptures): "Will you also submit yourselves to Allah?" If they become Muslims they shall be rightly guided but if they turn back, you need not worry, because your sole responsibility is to convey the Message. God is watching all His servants very closely.”(Qur’an;3:20). “Call people to the Way of your Lord with wisdom and best advice, and reason with them, if you have to, in the most courteous manner: for your Lord knows best who strays from His Way and He knows best who is rightly guided.”(Qur’an;16:125). “O Muhammad, declare: "O mankind! The truth has come to you from your Lord! He that follows guidance (Right Way) follows it for his own good, and he that goes astray does so at his own risk; for I am not a custodian over you."(Qur’an;10:108). “Say "The Truth is from your Lord": let him who will believe and let him who will reject (it): for the wrongdoers We have prepared a Fire…. (Qur’an;18:29). “Will they not then ponder on the Qur'an?..”(Qur’an;4:82). “Say, O Muhammad: "Would you dispute with us concerning God, who is our Lord and your Lord as well? We shall be accountable to Him for our deeds and you for yours; to Him alone we are devoted.”(Qur’an;2:139). “And argue not with the followers of earlier revelations unless it be in (a way) that is better, save with such of them as do wrong; and say: We believe in that which hath been revealed unto us and revealed unto you; our God and your God is One, and unto Him we surrender.(Qur’an;29:46). “Have you ever seen the one who has taken his own desires as his god? Would you take the responsibility of guiding him?”(Qur’an;25:43). “If there are some among you who believe in the message with which I have been sent and others who disbelieve it, then be patient until Allah judges between us, for He is the best of all judges.”(Qur’an;7:87). “He creates man out of (mere) drop of sperm: and lo! This same being shows himself endowed with the power to think and argue”(Qur’an;16:4).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is well known historic fact that after eight centuries of the Muslims in Spain they were totally eliminated from that country after Christian re-conquest. If the Muslims had used force, military or economic there would not have been any Christian left in Spain to have kicked the Muslims out. One cannot charge Muslims with using the sword to convert Spaniards to the Islamic religion. Today, Islam is still spreading all over the world and Muslims have NO sword!!</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Muslims were also the masters of India for almost thousand years, but they did not force Islam down the Hindus. The majority Hindus population is living proof. In Spain and in India, the Muslims were no paragons of virtue, yet they obeyed the Qur'anic injunctions. Indonesia and Malaysia in the Far East and The majority of the people on the East coast of Africa as far down as Mozambique, as well as the bulk of the inhabitants on the West coast of the continent are Muslims, but history does not record any invading hoards of Muslims from anywhere. The Muslim traders and preachers through their good conduct and moral righteousness achieved the miracle of conversion. This forced De Lacy O'Leary in to write : ‘History makes it clear however, that the legend of fanatical Muslims sweeping through the world and forcing Islam at the point of the sword upon conquered races is one of the most fantastically absurd myths that historians have ever repeated.’ ("Islam at the Crossroads'' London, 1923, p.8).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Does Quran ask to “Kill the Non Muslims Wherever You Find”? </span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Killing of innocent people whether Muslim or non Muslim is strictly forbidden in Islam. Allah says: “..whoever kills a person, except as a punishment for murder or mischief in the land, it will be written in his book of deeds as if he had killed all the human beings and whoever will save a life shall be regarded as if he gave life to all the human beings..”(Qur’an;5:32), “You shall not kill anyone whom God has forbidden, except for just cause under the law. If anyone is killed unjustly, We have granted the right of retribution to his heir, but let him not carry his vengeance too far in killing the culprit through taking the law in his own hands, as he is supported by the law.”(Qur’an;17:33). The verse number 5 & 6 of Surah Tuba (Chapter Number 9 - The Repentance</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">from Qur’an are</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">most frequently misquoted, out of context by critics of Islam, to create misunderstanding, as a part of deliberate campaign to malign and project Islam as barbaric religion. Killing is only permitted in the state of war. Allah says: “But when the forbidden months are past then </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fight and slay the idolaters wherever you find them an</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d seize them beleaguer them and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent and establish regular prayers and practice regular charity then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful.”(Qur’an;9:5), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“If anyone from the idolaters ask you for asylum, grant it to him so that he may hear the Word of Allah, and then escort him to the place of safety: this should be done because these people do not know the truth.”(Qur’an;9:6).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is made to appear that the Muslims have been given free hand to kill the pagans or non believers. It may be kept in view that some verses of Qur’an were revealed for specific occasions and carry instructions for similar circumstances if they ever exist again, out of context quotation of such verses in parts, by any one is misleading. Such efforts to twist the meanings with ulterior motives result in tarnishing the image of Islam. A look at verses (Qur’an;9:1-6) in Qur’an revealed before conquest of Makkah, provide the context, thereby leaving no room for misunderstanding. Allah says in Qur’an: “A declaration of immunity from Allah and His Messenger is hereby made to those of the pagans with whom you have made a treaty: "You have four months to go around in the land unmolested; but you should know that you cannot frustrate the will of Allah, and that Allah will humiliate the unbelievers." This is a public proclamation from Allah and His Messenger to the people on the day of the Great Hajj (Pilgrimage) that Allah and His Messenger do hereby dissolve treaty obligations with the pagans. Therefore, if you repent, it will be better for you but if you turn away, then you should know that you cannot frustrate the Will of Allah. O’ Prophet, proclaim a painful punishment to those who are unbelievers. Except (this proclamation does not apply to) those pagans who honored their treaties with you in every detail and aided none against you. So fulfill your treaties with them to the end of their term; for Allah loves the righteous.”(Qur’an;9:1-4), “But when the forbidden months are past then </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fight and slay the idolaters wherever you find them </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and seize them beleaguer them and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent and establish regular prayers and practice regular charity then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful.”(Qur’an;9:5), “If anyone from the idolaters ask you for asylum, grant it to him so that he may hear the Word of Allah, and then escort him to the place of safety: this should be done because these people do not know the truth.”(Qur’an;9:6). “How can you trust them? If they prevail against you, they respect neither treaty nor ties of relationship. They just flatter you with their tongues, but their hearts reject you, and most of them are transgressors.”(Qur’an;9:8). “Fight them; Allah will punish them by your hands and humiliate them. He will grant you victory over them and soothe the hearts of a believing people.”(Qur’an;9:14)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The part of verse (Qur’an;9:5); “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fight and slay the idolaters wherever ye find them</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> if quoted separately would give different meanings to what is actually intended. Therefore if complete verses (Qur’an;9:1-6) are read together the context and meanings are self evident: The emphasis is on the first clause; it is only when the four months of grace are past, and the other party show no signs of desisting from their treacherous designs by right conduct, that the state of war supervenes-between Faith and Unfaith. When war becomes inevitable, it must be prosecuted with vigour. The fighting may take the form of killing, capture, or siege, or ambush and other stratagems of war. But even then there is room for repentance and amendment on the part of the guilty party, and if that takes place, then the duty is forgiveness and the establishment of peace. The repentance must be sincere, and that is shown by conduct-a religious spirit of true prayer and charity. In that case the gate against the repentant should not be barred. On the contrary Muslims must do all they can to make their way easy, remembering that Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. Even among the enemies of Islam, actively fighting against Islam, there may be individuals who may be in a position to require protection. Full asylum is to be given to them, and opportunities provided for hearing the Word of Allah. If they accept the Word, they become Muslims and brethren, and no further question arises. If they do not see their way to accept Islam, they will require double protection: (1) from the Islamic forces openly fighting against their people, and (2) from their own people, as they detached themselves from them. Both kinds of protection should be ensured for them, and they should be safely escorted to a place where they can be safe. Such persons only err through ignorance, and there may be much good in them. These verses contain excellent rules for conduct of war, which are so humane that never in the history of mankind one can find grant of privileges and rights to the fallen enemies. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renowned scholar Muhammad Asad in his commentary on Qur’an has strongly refuted misconception of deducing any justification for forced conversion or killing of unbelievers: It may be kept in view that every verse of Qur’an must be interpreted against the background of Qur’an as a whole. The verse (Qur’an;9:5) which speaks of a possible conversion of pagan to Islam with whom the believers are at war, must therefore, be considered in conjunction with several fundamental Qur’anic ordinances. One of them: “there will be no coercion in matters of faith”(Qur’an;2:256), lays down categorically that any attempt at a forcible conversion of unbelievers is prohibited.-which precludes the possibility of the Muslims ‘ demanding or expectation that a defeated enemy should embrace Islam as the price of immunity. Secondly, the Qur’an ordains, “Fight in the cause of Allah with those who fight against you, but do not exceed the limits. Allah does not like transgressors.”(Qur’an;2:190) ); and, if they do not let you be , and do not offer you peace, and do not stay their hands, seize them and slay them wherever you come upon them: and it is against these that We have clearly empowered you (to make war)”(Qur’an;4:91). “if they desist –behold, God is much-forgiving, a dispenser of grace”(Qur’an;2:192), and, “If they desist, all hostility should cease except against the oppressors.”(Qur’an;2:193). As far as the enemy’s conversion to Islam –expressed in the words; “if they repent, and establish prayer and pay Zakat”, is no more that one, and by no means the only, way of their “desisting for hostility”; and the reference to it in verses 9:5 & 9:11 certainly does not imply an alternative of “conversion or death” as some critics of Islam (as well as some ill informed scholars) choose to assume. The verse 9:4 and 9:6 give a further elucidation of the attitude which the believers are enjoined to adopt towards such of the unbelievers as are not hostile to them: “Except (this proclamation of war does not apply to) those pagans who honored their treaties with you in every detail and aided none against you. So fulfill your treaties with them to the end of their term; for Allah loves the righteous.”(Qur’an;9:4). It is further clarified in Qur’an: “Allah does not forbid you to be kind and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: small-caps; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">equitable</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to those who had neither fought against your faith nor driven you out of your homes. In fact Allah loves the equitable. Allah only forbids you to make friendship with those who fought you on account of your faith and drove you out of your homes and backed up others in your expulsion. Those who will take them for friends are indeed the wrongdoers.”(Qur’an;60:8-9). </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the expiry of warning period, the pagans who had violated the treaty, could either accept Islam by choice, leave the holy places, or face war, yet those pagans who had not previously taken the Message seriously and seek asylum were to be taken to the place of safety and provided protection to ponder and make their decision to accept Islam by free choice. The war orders (Qur’an;9:5) to kill the pagans were issued for the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">State of War</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, it is </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">erroneous</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to assume that pagans be killed wherever found even in the normal state of peace, as evident in verses (Qur’an;9:4, 9:6 & 60:8-9) above. History is witness to the fact that the non believers have been living peacefully under Muslim rule for centuries and still continue to live in the countries with majority Muslim population. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The world was much different from the present, wherein as per international law every human being is free to adopt and practice any faith, (at least in theory) but this was not the case 1400 years ago. The great Roman (Christian) and Persian (Zoroastrian) imperialist Empires were the biggest hindrances in conveying the message of Islam to their population. They were to be prevented from thrusting forcibly their disbelief upon their subjects and the future generations hence the conflict with them was inevitable. By the period of Caliph Omar bin Khattab (634-644 C.E), not only Arabia was purged of non believers but other areas as far as Afghanistan and Egypt were also brought under the folds of Muslim rule. The message of Islam reached peacefully as far as China, Far East [Indonesia, the most populous Muslim country was never attacked by Muslims] Africa and all around the world. [More “Jihad, Myth & Reality” at http://aftabkhan.blog.com]</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bible on Warfare:</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are verses supporting peace:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God” (Mathew;5:9)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed the evil thoughts, fornications, thefts, murders, adulteries, deeds of coveting and wickedness, as well as deceit, sensuality, envy, slander, pride and foolishness. All these evil things proceed from within and defile the man” (Mark 7:21–23)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “What is the source of quarrels and conflicts among you? Is not the source your pleasures that wage war in your members? You lust and do not have; so you commit murder. You are envious and cannot obtain; so you fight and quarrel” (James 4:1–2)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However warfare was also permissible in the previous scriptures under certain circumstances. As regards actual ‘fighting with the sword’ there has been some difference in theological theories at different times, but very little in the practice of those who framed those theories. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Jewish wars were ruthless wars of extermination; the Old Testament does not mince words: “And ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you by the sword. And five of you shall chase an hundred, and an hundred of you shall put ten thousand to flight: and your enemies shall fall before you by the sword.” (Leviticus;26:7-8). “Let the high praises of God be in their mouth, and a two-edged sword in their hand; To execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the people; To bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters of iron; To execute upon them the judgment written: this honour have all his saints. Praise ye the LORD” (Psalm;149:6-9). Moses ordered the killing of Jews, guilty of idol worship; (Exodus;32:26-28.). </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Now therefore Kill every male among the little ones, and Kill every woman (female) that hath known man by lying (having sex) with him. "But keep Alive for yourselves all the Girls and all the women who are Virgins." (Numbers;31:17-18). The Jews salvaged for themselves; “and thirty-two thousand persons in all, women who had not known man by lying with him.”(Numbers; 31:35). “But in the cities of these peoples that the LORD your God gives you for an inheritance, (O’ Jews) you shall save alive nothing that breathes,(Deuteronomy;20:16). 'And they (the Jews) Utterly Destroyed all that was in the city, both man and woman, young and old, ox and sheep, and Ass, with the edge of the sword"(Joshua;6:21),"He (Joshua) let None remain alive." (Joshua;10:28). </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the New Testament the Jesus Christ (peace be upon him) says: “But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me.”(Luke; 9:27). Saint. Paul, in commending the worthy fruits of Faith, mentions the warriors of the Old Testament as his ideals: “And what more shall I say? For time would fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the prophets -- who through faith conquered kingdoms, enforced justice, received promises, stopped the mouths of lions, quenched raging fire, escaped the edge of the sword, won strength out of weakness, became mighty in war, put foreign armies to flight.” (Hebrews; 11: 32-34). </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The monkish morality of the Gospels in their present form has never been followed by any self-respecting Christian or other nation in history</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Pope Urban II (1088-99 C.E) coined the phrase ‘Holy War’, launched the Crusades movement which was subsequently vigorously supported by his followers for two centuries(1095-1291 C.E), causing death and destruction to millions besides sowing seeds of hatred and enmity among the followers of two great civilizations which still haunts the humanity. The association of Missionaries with Crusades posed a moral theological problem that troubled medieval Christian thinkers. Thirteenth-century Christian theologians held that conversion could not be forced, but most agreed that force could legitimately be used to preserve a situation in which peaceful propaganda was possible, and they continued to support the Crusade. Furthermore, Europe's fear was such that the Crusade idea persisted well into the 17th century, and the conviction that, in certain circumstances, war might be just became more deeply enrooted in the conscience of the West. Along with the now generally accepted use of the word ‘Crusade’ to denote any ‘Common Endeavour in a Worthy Cause’ (Christian Jihad), this is one of the most enduring results of the movement. After the bloodstained conversions in South America, the colonization of most of the free world by diplomacy, intimidation aggression and coercion took place. Pope Pius XII was obliged, under the pressures of World War II, to clarify and redefine the church's teachings on war and peace as well as to work out a strategy of survival. Pope Pius XII , tacitly condoned the Nazi holocaust. The deadly wars and large scale killings of people among weaker nations mostly Muslim which goes unabated on the pretext of war against terror lead by the American Evangelist and Neocons, the claim of love and peace by the Western (Christian) world appears to be hollow. They have forgotten the saying of Jesus (peace be upon him):“You hypocrite, first take the log out of your own eye, and then you will see clearly to take the speck out of your brother's eye.”(Matthew; 7:5).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So there is plenty of stuff in the Holy Scriptures which is interpreted by the warmongers to justify warfare and violence.</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Confucianism:</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Confucianism does not explicitly encourage war due to its emphasis on humanity. This, however, may be overlooked. However confucianism should take some, if not primary, blame for the vicious circles of China's war and chaos for more than two millennia. From a ruler's point of view, a czar has a moral obligation to maintain world peace by force if necessary, whereas from the people's point of view, war is a necessary means to remove non-ren (or atrocious) kings. Since Confucianism is the cardinal philosophy in the second half of Chinese history plus the interaction of its two momentums (or readings), it is not too hard to realize that it could easily sustain war. If so, it makes no sense to say that Confucianism should not bear any responsibility for the vicious circles of war and chaos in the second half. </span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indian Religions: </span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Hinduism in some of its writings “ahimsa” has been considered the highest duty from the beginning of time. Jainism also grew out of Hinduism; Jainists believe that the practice of ahimsa is an essential step on the way to personal salvation. The Hindu scripture 'Bhagavad Gita' the idea of a Just War is represented: </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Even without you, all the soldiers standing armed for battle will not stay alive. Their death is foreordained.’ Bhagavad Gita 11:32-3.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sikhism, though talks of peace but sword [kerpan] is part of the kit.</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buddhism and violence:</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Buddhism also advocates peace, but Buddhism, like the other great faiths, has not always lived up to its principles - there are numerous examples of Buddhists engaging in violence and even war. In the 14th century Buddhist fighters led the uprising that evicted the Mongols from China. In Japan, Buddhist monks trained Samurai warriors in meditation that made them better fighters. In the twentieth century Japanese Zen masters wrote in support of Japan's wars of aggression. Violence against Rohengiar Muslims in Burma [Myanmar] which is also growing up in Sri Lanka which fought against Tamils. </span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atheism: </span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atheists proved to be no less violent than anyone else. Mass killings occurred under some Communist regimes during the twentieth century with an estimated death toll numbering between 85 and 100 million. The highest death tolls that have been documented in communist states occurred in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, in the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. The estimates of the number of non-combatants killed by these three regimes alone range from a low of 21 million to a high of 70 million. There have also been killings on a smaller scale in North Korea, Vietnam, and some Eastern European and African countries.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stalin, an atheist followed the position that religion was an opiate that needed to be removed in order to construct the ideal communist society. His government promoted atheism through special atheistic education in schools, anti-religious propaganda, the antireligious work of public institutions (Society of the Godless), discriminatory laws, and a terror campaign against religious believers. By the late 1930s it had become dangerous to be publicly associated with religion. Recent count indicate over 2.9 million deaths. </span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Humanism: </span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some humanists would accept the ‘Golden Rule’, a term first used by Confucius: 'Do as you would be done by', or 'Treat others as you would wish them to treat you’. Some see the natural or logical conclusion of such a principle to be the rejection of all war and violence. Others, who have reservations about pacifism, argue for 'Just War' rules similar to those based on religious law.</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religious Wars - History:</span></h2>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In order to analyse the role of religion in warfare, one has to look at the history. Philip and Axelrod in the “Encyclopaedia of Wars” has tabulated around 1,763 major wars recorded in the history. Of those wars, the authors categorize 123 wars as religious in nature, which is an astonishingly low 6.98% of all wars. Moreover the number of people killed in these conflicts amounts to only two percent. This means that even when wars have been fought over religious disputes, they tend to be less bloody than when they are fought for other reasons. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="236" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/QrAeqY9qkOYtwgQPCwm88O8Y7JLWw01-keGf1IGwTMidfR0gV1gAL85Ro_xsbfh_Xm-j9Xx6xoHd155r9d41H9kTrcp4XpXpv82_FpzpaoErTXvDH8vP1SAtW9W_L8BiOH2D-btZ6Ig2rqbt" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="553" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">William T. Cavanaugh in his Myth of Religious Violence (2009) argues that what is termed "religious wars" is a largely "Western dichotomy", arguing that all wars that are classed as "religious" have secular (economic or political) ramifications Similar opinions were expressed as early as the 1760s, during the Seven Years' War, widely recognized to be "religious" in motivation, noting that the warring factions were not necessarily split along confessional lines as much as along secular interests.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is evident that religion as one aspect of a people's cultural heritage may serve as a cultural marker or ideological rationalisation for a conflict that has deeper ethnic and cultural differences. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="250" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rt49SkBoVCZ0rZtZw3PtTU0PPuOVXtH52FXyUefIP2oEafqVGTIxZKuhHyu1ap-M9P2LdmKrwwuBxrfMS2bUqFWB3O1-zL9M0Vb_QBv7rOuAR_kkM8RP18ouIPgQnimHzi-XQXps1CBpLwL" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="479" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This has been specifically argued for the case of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, often portrayed as a religious conflict of a Catholic vs. a Protestant faction, while the more fundamental cause of the conflict was in fact ethnic or nationalistic rather than religious in nature Since the native Irish were mostly Catholic and the later British-sponsored immigrants were mainly Protestant, the terms become shorthand for the two cultures, but it is inaccurate to describe the conflict as a religious one. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The TTP (Tehreek Taliban Pakistan), [some adopting the title of Daesh] is waging war against Pakistan on the pretext of Islam, but their version of Islam is based upon mostly on their cultural traditions not acceptable to the majority Muslims. This has tribal, ethnic, racial, cultural, economic and political dimensions with religious fervour supported by foreign powers to achieve their strategic goals. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The permanent hatred between the Israelis and the Palestinians… do they fight because one side is mainly Jewish, and the other side overwhelmingly Muslim? Or do they fight because they both want control of the same little wedge of land, which both claim as their birthright? Because they both want the Promised Land, neither side is willing to give it up, and they’re not willing to share? The orthodox Jews do not support the creation of Israel against the scripture. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Taiping Rebellion in China was a war of independence, in which one side happened to be Christian. The Dungan Revolt in China and the Second Sudanese Civil War were fights between an oppressed minority and a tyrannical majority, one of which happened to be Muslim.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Crusades, like the Saracen incursions into Europe that preceded them, were a series of land grabs, in which one side happened to be Christian, and the other side happened to be Muslim.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The French Wars of Religion, and the Thirty Years' War that followed like a bad movie sequel, were little more than a series of retaliatory strikes by disgruntled citizens, interspersed with opportunistic attacks by mercenary armies. Nonetheless, they appear to be the only conflicts on the list that truly constitute religious wars, in that religious differences colored the principal grievances. However, on a deeper level, the underlying cause was the preservation of the status quo for Catholic nobles against an increasingly Protestant populace, rather than a loyalty to any religious doctrine. Catholic France, for purely political reasons, fought on the side of the Protestants. Other groups made alliances with the Muslim Turks, whom European Christians had feared for a millennium as the worst infidels of all.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exclusively Religion did not play major role in the big wars that have resulted in heavy loss of human life. Here is a list of nine most deadly wars of history, none has religious motivation:</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most Deadly Wars:</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been waged in the last century. These are of course the two World Wars, then followed by the Second Sino-Japanese War (which is sometimes considered part of World War II, or overlapping with that war). Most of the others involved China or neighboring peoples. The death toll of World War II, being 60 million plus, surpasses all other war-death-tolls. This may be due to significant recent advances in weapons technologies, as well as recent increases in the overall human population.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="397" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/QyN-BRyCeI0j6kall2F_Nppv5XmL3rFWRrMEXngNU79kHgLXskP35mE_A5Fc-1sktI8kfDQzpqSFhOHoc-kFHa6p7lg7I_L8hiBAZbiP5JwXHvr1fIRJTWui0Nzu_ANWrKVKwevPAYLOPV4H" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="488" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The truth is, non-religious motivations and naturalistic philosophies bear the blame for nearly all of humankind’s wars. Lives lost during religious conflict pales in comparison to those experienced during the regimes who wanted nothing to do with the idea of God – something showcased in R. J. Rummel’s work “Lethal Politics and Death by Government” he writes:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Almost 170 million men, women and children have been shot, beaten, tortured, knifed, burned, starved, frozen, crushed or worked to death; buried alive, drowned, hung, bombed or killed in any other of a myriad of ways governments have inflicted death on unarmed, helpless citizens and foreigners. The dead could conceivably be nearly 360 million people. It is though our species has been devastated by a modern Black Plague. And indeed it has, but a plague of Power, not germs.”</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jack Perry has presented one list of non-religious wars, as follows:</span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Seven Years’ War (Britain & France)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The American Revolution</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The French Revolution</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Napoleonic Wars (France & Europe)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Revolutions in the Americas</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Wars to create and preserve the British Empire (Boer War, Irish Revolution, and the Great Game with Russia would all be examples)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The American Civil War</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Crimean War</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Spanish-American War</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Great War, The War to End All Wars, or World War I </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Italian invasion of Ethiopia</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Spanish Civil War</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stalin’s invasions of Finland, the Baltic states, and Poland</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">World War II</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Chinese Revolution</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Cold War, including but not limited to the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, the American intervention in Grenada, and the Soviet campaign in Afghanistan</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Cultural Revolution in China (may not be called war)</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge Revolution</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Falklands War</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Persian Gulf War between Iran & Iraq</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Persian Gulf War between the United Nations and Iraq</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: -36pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Breakup of Yugoslavia (beginning with Slovenia).</span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Obviously, the above list could not count very significant the Reign of Terror (French), which followed the French Revolution, as it was not, technically, a war, per se. Still, it is a point worth serious consideration.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Some maintain Robespierre (who presided over the Reign of Terror) was actually religious, and an oppressor of atheists. Nevertheless, the fact remains that: “The French Revolution eradicated the Church root and branch. The Jacobin state was officially atheist, although Robespierre attempted to cover this fact with the fig leaf of ‘the Supreme Being’, which convinced nobody except maybe Robespierre himself. Although the people of France were supposed to be fervent Catholics, religion practically disappeared in France after the Revolution (except in the most backward and reactionary districts like the Vendée).”</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dawkins Retort:</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The prejudice that wars are fought over ideology has a long pedigree. In 1726 Jonathan Swift’s masterpiece of satire, Gulliver’s Travels, paid tribute to the idea by depicting two nations fighting over what end of their eggs to break open. More recently the refrain was picked up, perhaps most vocally, by the super-atheist Richard Dawkins. (The following quotes are from The God Delusion [Bantam Press/Transworld Publishers] 2006.) First pooh-poohing the idea that wars are fought for any reason other than religion: “…We have a pusillanimous reluctance to use religious names for warring factions. In Northern Ireland, Catholics and Protestants are euphemized to ‘Nationalists’ and ‘Loyalists’ respectively.” (p.21)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He later backtracks, admitting: “… </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There really are genuine grievances and injustices, and these seem to have little to do with religion; except that — and this is important and widely overlooked — without religion there would be no labels by which to decide whom to oppress and whom to avenge</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">….” (p.259)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This statement is absurd on its face. During the civil war in Dawkins’ England, the Roundheads and Cavaliers could be distinguished by the length of their hair. The Hutu and Tutsi tribes of Rwanda would appear identical to an outsider, but in their civil war that destroyed more that ten percent of the population, they had no difficulty telling each other apart. “Imagine no suicide bombers, no 9/11, no 7/7, no Crusades, no witch-hunts, no Gunpowder Plot, no Indian partition ….” (Preface p.1). He goes on like this. Four hundred years ago (once again, in China) thousands of people were massacred because they refused to get a haircut. In a world where people kill for reasons as petty as skin color, poverty, education, and national origin, he appears to believe that a world without religion would be a world without hatred. For all his obvious intelligence, Professor Dawkins falls victim to the most basic of errors — failing to detect his own bias. </span></div>
</b></h1>
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For God’s Sake:</span></h2>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here is an interesting edited Extract from “For God's Sake: An Atheist, A Jew, a Christian and a Muslim Debate Religion. They respond to the question: Doesn't religion cause most of the conflict in the world? It was Published July 2013 by Pan Macmillan. </span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rachel Woodlock (Muslim)</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religion is powerfully motivating and belligerent humans fight over it. Heck, religion has caused conflict even in my diverse and tolerant family. Taking our daughter to visit her Irish-Catholic relatives, I asked my husband to make sure they didn't give her any pork. Like Jews, Muslims steer clear of anything with an oink. My gentle, peaceable mate, wanting to avoid one of those conversations, said: "Mam, Yazzy doesn't like pork so don't give her any." A few days later, my beaming mother-in-law proudly announced: "She does like pork. I gave her some sausages and she ate them right up!" It took a few days for my blood pressure to return to normal.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then again, humans also fight over small bits of compressed carbon, tracts of dirt, addictive mind-altering substances and soccer matches. It's not just religious ideology that causes problems – state-imposed atheism was a defining feature of brutal 20th century regimes led by Stalin, Tito, Mao Zedong, and Pol Pot among others, which resulted in the suffering and murder of millions. Tens of thousands of Russian Christians alone were executed for their beliefs by atheists intent on purging religion from the Soviet Union.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yet it's true, religion has been a major feature in some historical conflicts and the most recent wave of modern terrorism. Religion has taken on extra significance today because globalisation is challenging and changing everything. Religious identity not only survives but can take on heightened significance when national and political alliances break apart, as happened in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, when Serbs, Croats and Bosniacs were divided along Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim fault lines.The Qur'an recognises the human propensity for conflict and gives permission for defensive warfare. Muslim scholars developed a just-war theory although admittedly in the ensuing centuries jihad was also used to further the territorial ambitions of ruthless leaders, just as today it's distorted to justify terrorist bombings. Like both law and politics, religion can be used to defend the oppressed and to oppress the defenceless.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The problem of corrupt religion has attracted the criticism of many prophets and saints. The Qur'an censures religious hypocrites:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Among the people there is he whose discourse on the life of the world pleases you, and he calls on God as witness to what is in his heart, yet he is an unyielding and antagonistic adversary. When he turns and leaves, he walks about corrupting the earth, destroying crops and livestock – God loves not corruption” (Quran;2:204–205).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The verse could well apply to Saddam Hussein, who made a show of praying on television, but gassed and bombed Kurds and was a tyrannical dictator. Religion, unfortunately, provides a useful cover and powerful motivator for the evil-hearted. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">That religion can be so markedly different in the hands of the power-hungry, as opposed to the altruistic and virtuous, really says more about human psychology than it does about religion. That's why so many human conflicts unfortunately involve religion.</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antony Loewenstein (Jew)</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alain de Botton, philosopher and author of Religion for Atheists, is worried about fundamentalism. "To say something along the lines of 'I'm an atheist: I think religions are not all bad' has become a dramatically peculiar thing to say," he told British journalist Bryan Appleyard in 2012. "If you do say it on the internet you will get savage messages calling you a fascist, an idiot or a fool. This is a very odd moment in our culture."</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neo-atheism, the belief that science is the only path to truth and all religions are equally deluded and destructive, has taken hold in much of the debate over atheism. The movement, whose keys figures include Richard Dawkins, the late Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris and Daniel Dennett, is an ideology that arrogantly celebrates an understanding of everything through supposed reason and proof. It allows little doubt or questioning about the unknown. It also happens that some of these key figures, including Ayaan Hirsi Ali, are backers of state violence against Muslim countries since 11 September 2001.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's clearly an exaggeration to suggest atheists are rampaging through the streets demanding the end of religious belief but the last decade has seen an ever-increasing number of atheists feeling the need to ridicule or damn people who do believe in a god.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dawkins, at a dinner with de Botton and others in London in 2012, recounted a conversation he'd had with Hitchens. "Do you ever worry," Dawkins asked, "that if we win and, so to speak, destroy Christianity, that vacuum would be filled with Islam?"</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's a curious question that reflects both the vicious hatred of Muslims by many so-called new atheists but also a creepy utopian nightmare that is apparently idealised by them. Destroy Christianity? Because the Catholic Church has committed innumerable crimes, opposes abortion and birth control, refuses to accept female priests and hides sex offenders in its midst? To be sure, the institution is dysfunctional, but wishing for its disintegration reflects a savagery that will only inflame, not reduce tensions.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">None of this is to excuse the undeniable barbarity unleashed by religionists over the centuries. The misogyny, beheadings, terrorism, killings, beatings and cruelty are real. They continue. Today we see a growing battle in the Middle East between Shi'ite and Sunni; a Jewish state unleashing militancy against Christian and Muslim Palestinians. I've been guilty of claiming religion is the source of the world's evils, but it's a careless comment. It's far too easy to blame the Muslim faith for honour killings. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I'm under no illusion about the fact that religion is routinely used to justify the more heinous crimes.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> But the 20th century is filled with examples, namely Stalin's Soviet Union and Mao's China, that didn't need God as an excuse to commit genocide against a state's own people.</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jane Caro (Atheist)</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As 14 year-old Malala Yousafzai sat on a bus in the grounds of her school in Pakistan's Swat Valley, a gunman shot her in the head. After proudly claiming responsibility, the Taliban told the world that the teenage education activist's work represented "a new chapter of obscenity, and we have to finish this chapter". The "obscenity" was the education of girls. The Taliban felt no shame. They know that what they have done is right because their god tells them so. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gods have been used to justify almost any cruelty, from burning heretics and stoning adulterers to crucifying Jesus himself.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the other side of the world, Anders Behring Breivik slaughtered 77 Norwegians. Breivik seems to have seen his murderous spree as a way of getting rid of Muslims, yet his 1,500-page manifesto revealed, at best, a weak attachment to religious belief. To Breivik, Christianity seems important mainly because he sees it as white. Breivik, like the devoutly religious Taliban, also appears to feel no shame.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The men who flew planes into buildings on 9/11, the terrorists who went on a murderous rampage in Mumbai and the Bali bombers, all killed as many people as they could in the name of their religion. Breivik did it in the name of his race. Timothy McVeigh, who killed 168 people and wounded 800, hated the government. All saw their mass murder as a political act of protest and all felt justified.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atheists like Mao or Pol Pot have murdered millions in the name of political totalitarianism. Hitler used a quasi-mystical racist philosophy to exploit the ancient hatred of the Jews by Christians. I heard somewhere (I've never been able to discover where) that terrorism occurs when you combine a sense of military and economic inferiority with a sense of moral superiority. Religion is very good at conferring a sense of moral superiority on its followers.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indeed, while the religious have murdered throughout history in the name of their god, I've been unable to find any evidence of atheists killing anyone in the name of atheism. Atheists are no more or less capable of evil than anyone else, but it seems that murder, particularly mass murder and war, is a sin of commission. In other words, human beings are generally only prepared to fight and kill in the name of something. It can be a god, but it can also be a political philosophy – like Nazism or communism. Many fight for patriotism: for country, tribe or race. Some kill because they're psychologically disturbed, but none – so far – in the name of atheism.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, while I don't agree that only religion causes conflict, I'd argue that all mass murder and war are fought in the name of a bigger-than-self philosophy or idea. Atheism, simply lack of belief in a god, has not yet proved compelling enough to motivate murder. So far no one has gone into a crowded public space and blown themselves up while shouting, "No god is great!".</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comments:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The League of Militant Atheists, Society of the Godless Union of the Godless, was an atheistic and antireligious organization of workers and intelligentsia that developed in Soviet Russia under the influence of the ideological and cultural views and policies of the Soviet Communist Party. Atheists while in power proved to be no less violent than anyone else. Mass killings occurred under some Communist regimes during the twentieth century with an estimated death toll numbering between 85 and 100 million.]</span></div>
</b></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Simon Smart (Christianity):</span></h3>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="265" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/667pxqdBGC3elpWhi7c7MBIoHun1K8Br1JHHEHP4QhjWRQ7z2UXpmnJl7zT5d4vyVpYRiHb4445Px708js28Q-kVZCW6ZfQ9Gx3xpqnLK6h6kwYfUbxw3usUy4T30H8LgdlGJaAkb1RlKh1c" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="217" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religion has been implicated in all sorts of conflict and violence throughout human history. There is blood on the hands of the faithful, and no avoiding the fact that in the service of the wrong people, religion can be a force of great harm. This includes Christianity. If we consider the sins of the Christian past critics have plenty to work with – witch-hunts, the Crusades, Christian support of slavery.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">But the picture is much more complex than is often implied. Take the Inquisition. Dinner party guests are likely to nod in agreement when someone mentions the "millions killed" at the hands of the church but historians now suggest around 5,000 – 6,000 over a 350-year period. That's less than 18 a year. One a year is terrible, but the reality appears a long way from what we are often served up.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Likewise the idea that most of the wars of history have been caused by religion is demonstrably false. The vast majority of wars have been conducted in the pursuit of profits or power, or waged for territory or tribal supremacy, even if religion has been caught up in those pursuits. But there is a very real sense in which religion can moderate those forces. David Hart notes that, "Religious conviction often provides the sole compelling reason for refusing to kill … or for seeking peace … the truth is that religion and irreligion are cultural variables, but killing is a human constant".</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of course millions were killed at the hands of Mao, Stalin and Pol Pot. To say their murderous totalitarianism had nothing to do with their atheism is to completely misunderstand them and the ideologies on which their actions rested. Yale theologian Miroslav Volf argues that as far as Christianity goes, it will only be violent if it is stripped of its content— thinned out - and infused with a different set of values. The story of Jesus gives absolutely no warrant for violence. Any believer behaving that way is disobeying the one they claim to be following.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The answer, Volf argues, to violence perpetrated in the name of the Cross, is not less Christianity but more – Christianity that is not depleted of its meaning but full of its original moral content, which is at its heart nonviolent and a force for good: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Mathew;5:9, Mark 7:21–23, James 4:1–2).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When Martin Luther King Jr confronted racism in the white church in the South he called on those churches not to become more secular, but more Christian. King knew that the answer to racism and violence was not less Christianity but a deeper and truer Christianity. King gained his inspiration from the one who said that those who follow him must turn the other cheek, love their enemies and pray for those who persecuted them. His leadership of the civil rights struggle remains a fine example of love triumphing over hate; of costly and courageous resistance of evil and of religiously inspired social action that made the kind of difference that everyone can appreciate.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">US Policy on Islam:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Robert Fisk (The Independent), argued that the US policy on Islam is based on enmity, asking: Why is the US in Iraq, the Middle East, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Germany, Turkey and Greece? Why are there US soldiers all around the world, beyond the US boundaries? What do they intend to do there? He made a comparison between the number of soldiers involved in the Crusades in the 12th century and the number of US soldiers currently deployed in the Middle East. The result is unbelievable: currently, the number of the US soldiers in the Middle East is twice the number of the soldiers involved in the Crusades. (Vatan newspaper, May 16, 2007).</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="Image result for islam is not terrorism" src="https://islampeace1.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/223816_40202161136515045_1341949389_n.jpg?w=604" /></span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Whether you like it or not, there are serious conflicts between Islam and the West. Without delving into the real causes of these conflicts, a fresh start does not seem likely:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(1) The West is exerting control over the Muslim territories where one-third of the world's energy resources are located, as well as exerting control over energy transfer routes. Muslims are denied ownership of their own natural resources.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(2) The primary obstacle to change in the Muslim world is the existence of oppressive regimes. The great majority of the population is young, desperate and unemployed and millions are seeking better education and health services, fair income distribution, freedom of expression and the right for a free opposition, in short, more humane conditions. However, these oppressive regimes are supported by the US and Europe. Yet, Western regimes and the media tend to portray the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Hamas, Hezbullah and the Muslim Brotherhood, all of which advocate free elections, democratic participation and parliamentary regimes as "extremists" and the autocracies, dictatorships and kingdoms as "moderates." Thus, one can conclude that for Westerners, "moderates" are those who do not raise objections to the Western presence in the region while "extremists" are those who do.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(3) Israel, which was mounted in the heart of the region, has been occupying lands for nearly 70 years and raining hell on the lives of Palestinians, but despite all the atrocities it commits, it gets unconditional support from all Western countries. The Palestinian issue is the "mother of all issues." This issue will not be settled unless the Israeli occupation ends, Palestinian refugees return to their own lands, Israeli settlers are stopped and the destruction of the Masjid al-Aqsa is stopped.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(4) Islam and its practitioners are being "othered" in a planned and intentional manner, and they are demonized through exclusion from the global system. Every day we face a new definition and another campaign for defamation: fanaticism, fundamentalism, political Islam, integrism, radicalism, Islamophobia, Islamofascism, reactionaryism, conservatism, extremism, Islamic terror, etc.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(5) The West imposes its culture and its lifestyle; it urges governments in Muslim countries to implement policies to ensure this, and it does not enter into dialogue on a paradigmatic level. It manipulates the social and cultural textures of Muslims without allowing them to change in their natural courses.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These are real conflicts concludes Fist, these are at the heart of the conflicts. On one side of the cleavage caused by these issues is the West, and on the other side is the Muslim world. Russia and China intervene in the Muslim world only from a political and strategic perspective. On the other hand, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the West meddles with the Muslim world in every aspect. If the West really wants to make peace and coexist with Islam, it must pull out its occupation forces, it must stop supporting oppressive regimes, it has to make sure that Israel withdraws to pre-1967 borders and it must respect Islam and the lifestyles of Muslims.</span></div>
</b></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusion: </span></span></h2>
<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The bloodiest wars, like practically every war one may name, were fought for more tangible reasons than theological differences of opinion. Some are fought for territory, or national sovereignty or defence against aggression. Some are fought for natural resources, such as gold, slaves, and now oil. In fact, the bloodiest wars have always been fought, and continue to be fought, for Power & Real Estate. Out of 1,763 major wars recorded in the history, 123 wars as considered as religious in nature, which is an astonishingly low 6.98% of all wars. Moreover the number of people killed in these conflicts amounts to only two percent. In all of the so-called religious wars, religion has merely been a very easy way to take the two sides apart. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The non religious people like communists employed brute force to oppress the opponents, religious or non religious resulting into death of millions. Hence it is absurd to blame religion for the wars. Wars are inevitable due to diversity and conflicts among human race, religion however try to make it more humane by laying down principles and ethics for its conduct. Misuse of religion to justify unjust wars by few heretics does not justify blaming religion. It can be avoided by more education and awareness. Quran is explicit on this when it is declared:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“There shall be no coercion in matters of faith”.(Quran;2:256)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-right: -2.25pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“.. whoever kills a human being, unless it is in the course of justice for murder or bloody crimes on the earth, it shall be as if he killed all mankind. And whoever saves one life it would be as if he saved the life of all mankind.(Quran,5:32)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tony Blair, the former British PM, was criticised for his role in Iraq war on false pretext of WMD, he seems to be realistic now. He thinks that the issue of extremism is not limited to Islam. There are also many examples the world over where Muslims are the victims of religiously motivated violence from those of other religious faiths. So the challenge is clear. And it is one that could define the nature of peace and conflict in the first half of the 21st century. The battles of this century are less likely to be the product of extreme political ideology – like those of the 20th century – but they could easily be fought around the questions of cultural or religious difference. The answer is to promote views that are open-minded and tolerant towards those who are different, and to fight the formal, informal and internet propagation of closed-minded intolerance. In the 21st century, education is a security issue. “Religion doesn't make people bigots. People are bigots and they use religion to justify their ideology”. (Reza Aslan)</span></div>
</b></h1>
<h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">References:</span></h3>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://freebookpark.blogspot.com</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-size: 7pt; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://islamphobia.wordpress.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://islamphobia.wordpress.com/</span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/11/14/religions-war-cause-responsible-evidence_n_6156878.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "roboto"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/11/14/religions-war-cause-responsible-evidence_n_6156878.html</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 7pt; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/02/religion-wars-conflict" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/02/religion-wars-conflict</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.debate.org/opinions/to-what-extent-does-religion-cause-conflict" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.debate.org/opinions/to-what-extent-does-religion-cause-conflict</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 7pt; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/donald-trump-s-self-destructive-policies-on-religion" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/donald-trump-s-self-destructive-policies-on-religion</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 7pt; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.salon.com/2017/02/02/trumps-war-on-islam-the-white-house-is-under-the-sway-of-anti-muslim-extremists/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.salon.com/2017/02/02/trumps-war-on-islam-the-white-house-is-under-the-sway-of-anti-muslim-extremists/</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 7pt; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/25/with-impending-muslim-ban-trump-to-turn-hate-into-policy.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/25/with-impending-muslim-ban-trump-to-turn-hate-into-policy.html</span></a></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto; font-size: 7pt; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/11/donald-trump-islamophobia-president-161109065355945.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/11/donald-trump-islamophobia-president-161109065355945.html</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-islam-terrorism_us_5890ffd2e4b0522c7d3dc240" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-islam-terrorism_us_5890ffd2e4b0522c7d3dc240</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-source-of-conflict-between-Muslims-and-Christians" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-source-of-conflict-between-Muslims-and-Christians</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/27/should-blame-islam-terrorism" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/27/should-blame-islam-terrorism</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.islamicity.org/3559/causes-of-conflict-between-islam-and-the-west/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.islamicity.org/3559/causes-of-conflict-between-islam-and-the-west/</span></a><span style="font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://Aftabkhan</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-net.page.tl</span></a><span style="font-size: 7pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://goo.gl/zAIhiz</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">General Topics:</span></div>
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<li style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/causes-of-tribulation-in-muslim-world.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tribulation and Discord in Muslim World & Future</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="https://goo.gl/CgKSEi" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Islamic Culture and Modern World </a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/islam-society.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islamic Society & Culture</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/women-subjugated-or-emancipated.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Women in Islam</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/rise-decline-of-muslims-by-dr-israr.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rise & Decline of Muslims </span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Caliphate:</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Redundant or Relevant?</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/sectarianism.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sectarianism</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/learning-science.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Learning & Science</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.fahmedeen.org/books/islamandmodernism.pdf" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islam and Modernism: By Mufti Taqi Usman</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">i</span></a></div>
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<li style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dual Islam دو اسلام : ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق کی شہرہ آفاق کتاب</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ...... Are there two Islams, one in theory and one in practice. The Original Message of Allah (Quran) remained a theory and a parallel Islam emerged centuries ago?..</span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2016/05/dual-islam.html" style="color: #888888; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> >>></span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></li>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/10/terrorism-islam-and-jihad.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jihad, Extremism</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jihad-myth-teality.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jihad: Myth & Reality</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/takfir-doctrine-of-terror.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Takfir</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/takfir-doctrine-of-terror.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Doctrine of Terror</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/terrorism-rejected-in-islam-religious.html" style="color: #ff1900; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islamic Decree [Fatwa] Against Terrorism</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/tolerance-in-islam.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tolerance</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rebuttal Anti-Islam</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FAQ</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/rebellion-by-khawarij-taliban-shariah.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rebellion by Khawarij Taliban & Shari’ah in Pakistan</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/06/role-of-ulema-islamic-scholars-in.html" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islamic Scholars in modern age</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">علماء اور دور جدید</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-33920853957446117222017-01-01T00:59:00.000-08:002017-08-09T01:02:19.133-07:00Top 10 Books About Muslims And Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Media stereotypes and misinformation about Muslims are nothing new. In a post-election world, Muslims are finding more allies who often want to help but don’t know much about us. More and more of our fellow Americans have questions and need answers.</div>
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In on online forum recently, someone asked me about books I would recommend to those wishing to learn about Muslims. I’m happy that people want to learn — even though I think meeting Muslims is far more valuable than reading about them — but searching the sea of available choices can be difficult and dangerous. For instance, search for “Muslim” or “Islam” on Amazon, and the array of books that pop up is worrying. Not because there are so many, but because many of them are horrifyingly inaccurate and often downright false.</div>
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Many books that promise “the truth” about Muslims are actually full of hatred and bigotry. You can learn about Sharia from authors who have no clue what it means, or about the tenets of Islam from authors whose bias can be seen from a mile away. You might think a website called “the religion of peace” would be somewhat positive, but it turns out to spew vile hatred against a billion people who actually practice Islam as a religion of peace and love.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: ProximaNova, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.75rem; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;">
But knowledge is power, so here’s my list of books you can and should read if you want to know more about Muslims and Islam. It’s the list I recommend to my students when I train law enforcement and educational institutions, or speak at churches and synagogues. It’s a list of my favorites thus far.(Sadiq Faruqi):</div>
<a href="http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/13872346" target="_blank">http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/13872346</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-65954566998722666132016-11-11T12:55:00.001-08:002023-02-07T09:03:58.757-08:00Islamic Culture and Modern World<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Image result for islamic culture" src="http://www.halalmedia.jp/wp-content/uploads/Islamic-Culture-Festival.jpg" /></div>
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<i>“In the
eyes of history, religious toleration is the highest evidence of culture in a
people. It was not until the Western nations broke away from their religious
law that they became more tolerant, and it was only when the Muslims fell away
from their religious law that they declined in tolerance and other evidences of
the highest culture. [Pickethall]</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><h2><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><em><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Introduction</span></em><i>:<o:p></o:p></i></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Presently
it is very common expression that; Muslims as a community are not adjustable to
the global environments with divergent cultures. The Muslims in Europe have
failed to adapt to the European culture, which has become a bone of contention
and Islamophobia. The Muslims settled in Europe and America come from different
continents and countries speaking different languages, belong to different
races, colour but they are all grouped as one cultural class due to their
common values embedded by their faith in Islam. It is important that the
Islamic Culture is understood in perspective for accommodating the Muslims in
divergent cultures for peaceful coexistence.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Islamic culture is a contentious term. Muslims live in many
different countries and communities, and it can be difficult to isolate points
of cultural unity among Muslims, besides their adherence to the religion of
Islam. Anthropologists and historians nevertheless study Islam as an aspect of,
and influence on, culture in the regions where the religion is predominant.
Islamic culture is a term primarily used in academia to describe the cultural
practices common to historically Islamic peoples.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">With the rapid expansion of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has
influenced and assimilated much from the Persian, Turkic, Pakistani, Mongol,
Chinese, Indian, Bangladeshi, Malay, Somali, Berber, Egyptian, Indonesian,
Filipino, Greek-Roman Byzantine, Spanish, Sicilian, Balkanic and Western
cultures. Hence some of the cultural practices adopted by local Muslims like
circumcision of females in some Arab & African countries, honour killing
for marriage by choice, denying inheritance to women etc cannot be termed as
Islamic culture but they are local in nature. Any cultural practice with the
broad parameters of Islam are acceptable as part of Islamic culture while
others rejected being un-Islamic.........</span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><em><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Spirit
of Muslim Culture- According to Dr.Muhammad Iqbal</span></em><em><o:p></o:p></em></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Allama Dr.
Muhammad Iqbal describes ‘The Spirit of Muslim Culture’, it can be summarized
as: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>The unity
of human origin, as a social movement the aim of Islam was to make the idea a
living factor in the Muslim's daily life, and thus silently and imperceptibly
to carry it towards fuller fruition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>It is one
of the most essential teachings of the Quran that nations are collectively
judged, and suffer for their misdeeds here and now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Devine
life is in touch with the whole universe on the analogy of the soul's contact
with the body. The soul is neither inside nor outside the body... Yet its
contact with every atom of the body is real.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>The
finality of the institution of prophethood... The abolition of priesthood and
hereditary kingship in Islam, the constant appeal to reason and experience in
the Quran, and the emphasis that it lays on Nature and History as sources of
human knowledge, are all different aspects of the same idea of finality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>The idea
(finality), however, does not mean that mystic experience, which qualitatively
does not differ from the experience of the prophet, has now ceased to exist as
a vital fact. Indeed the Quran regards both "<i>Anfus</i>" (self) and
"<i>Afaq</i>" (world) as sources of knowledge. God reveals His signs
in inner as well as outer experience, and it is the duty of man to judge the
knowledge-yielding capacity of all aspects of experience<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>The inner
experience is only one source of human knowledge. According to the Quran there
are two other sources of knowledge - Nature and History<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>It is a
mistake to suppose that the experimental method is a European discovery...
Europe has been rather slow to recognize the Islamic origin of her scientific
method. But full recognition of the fact has at last come. Let me quote one or
two passages from Briffault's Making of Humanity:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>"...
It was under their successors at the Oxford School that Roger Bacon learned
Arabic and Arabic Science. Neither Roger Bacon nor his later namesake has any
title to be credited with having introduced the experimental method. Roger
Bacon was no more than one of the apostles of Muslim science and method to
Christian Europe; and he never wearied of declaring that a knowledge of Arabic
and Arabic Science was for his contemporaries the only way to true knowledge...
The experimental method of the Arabs was by Bacon's time widespread and eagerly
cultivated throughout Europe"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>In the
history of Muslim culture... we find that both in the realms of pure intellect,
and religious psychology, by which term I mean higher Sufism, the ideal
revealed is the possession and enjoyment of the Infinite........<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Excerpts .....................</span></b></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Ten Major Attributes of Islamic Society:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Islamic society can clearly
be distinguished from any other society in the world. It has certain
characteristic attributes that differentiate it from the rest of the societies
of the world and the identity of a Muslim society is universal and Muslims from
different parts of the world can easily form and adjust in an Islamic society,
regardless of their cultural differences. Here are some verses of Quran that
describe the ten major attributes of an Islamic society. Less than 0.001%
extremist terrorists distort some verses (revealed for defensive wars between
early Muslims and polytheist opponents) to justify their heinous activities and
crimes against humanity, maligning 1.6 Billion Muslims:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Belief in One God:</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> “O you who believe! Fear God as He
should be feared and die not except in a state of Islam.” (3:102)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Justice, Peace and Balance:</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> "Thus have we made of
you an Ummah justly balanced, that you might be witnesses over the nations, and
the Apostle a witness over yourselves…..” (2:143), "Among the people, one
may impress you with his utterances concerning this life, and may even call
upon GOD to witness his innermost thoughts, while he is a most ardent opponent.
If such people attain political power they create corruption in the earth.
Their rule results in destruction of the produce of land and labor and the
damage done by them affects generations. Allah loves not corruption and
mischief."(2:204,205)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Brotherhood</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">: “Verily, this brotherhood of yours is a
single brotherhood, and I am your lord and cherisher. Therefore, fear me (and
no other).”(23:52)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">4.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Consultation/Democracy</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">:“And those who have responded to
their lord and established prayer and whose affair is (determined by)
consultation among themselves, and from what We have provided them, they
spend.” (42:38)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">5.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Freedom of Faith</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">: “…there is no compulsion in the matter
of religion.” (2:256).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">6.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Justice and Good Treatment of Minorities:</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> “.. Nearest in
affection to the believers (Muslims) are those who say: "We are
Christians…”(Qur’an;5:82), "As for such (of the unbelievers) as do not
fight against you on account of your faith, and neither drive you forth from
your homelands, Allah does not forbid you to show them kindness and to behave
towards them with full equity. Indeed, Allah loves those who act
equitably"(Qur’an;60:8)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">7.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Commending Good, Forbidding Evil:</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> “You are the best Ummah
raised up for people: you enjoin good and forbid evil and you believe in
Allah.” (3:110)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">8.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Not Disputing:</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> “….And dispute not one with another, lest
you get weak-hearted and your power depart, and be steadfast. Surely Allah is
with the steadfast.” (8:46)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">9.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Self Defence:</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> “Fight in the way of Allah those who fight
you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.” (2:190)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">10.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Gender Equality</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">: “Whoso does good whether male or female,
and is a believer, shall enter Paradise and they shall not be wronged a whit.”
(4:124)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">In short, an Islamic society is
an ideal society or the next thing to utopia that a particular group of people
can create in this world. The need of the time is that the world in general and
Muslims in particular understand the true concept of an Islamic society and
create a community where people cooperate with each other and there is justice
and peace among its members. The past history is reflection of success of
Muslim society and culture and its contributions towards development of
humanity: ..............................</span><!--[if !supportLists]--></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
The Sources of Islam:</span></h2>
<div class="normal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Quran,
the revealed word of God, is the primary source of Islam. According to Allama
Dr.Muhammad Iqbal; The second great source of Muhammadan Law (Shari’ah) is the
traditions of the Holy Prophet</span><span color="windowtext" dir="RTL" face=""arial unicode ms" , "sans-serif"" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">ﷺ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span>. .........................<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Hadith and Muslim Culture:</span></h3>
<div class="normal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hadiths
have been the subject of great discussion both in ancient and modern times. The
early forms of Muslim culture were predominantly Arab. With the rapid expansion
of the Islamic empires, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from
the local cultures. Traditionalists advocate adherence to all practices of
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), though being an Arab he was adhering to Arab cultural,
but where ever there was conflict with Islamic principles he did not hesitate
to change. According to the progressive Muslims strict adherence to Arab cultural traditions
is not necessary to be a good Muslim. They emphasize adherence to the core
Islamic tenet and values and Islamic principles for their universal application
among all cultures. Since Hadith literature contains mix of cultural and
religious contents, there is a need to segregate them very carefully. Some
progressive Muslims in a hurry try to totally disregard the valuable Hadith
literature, which is unreasonable. However the central issue with Hadith is its
authenticity. From the legal theoretician's point of view, Hadith can be
divided into Mutawatir (transmitted via numerous chains of narrators, number of
such Hadiths varies from 100 to 300 as against thousands) and <i>ahad </i>(anything
that is not Mutawatir, reported by single narrator or few). The medieval
scholar Al-Nawawi argued that any non-Mutawatir Hadith is only probable and
cannot reach the level of certainty that a Mutawatir Hadith can. ...........<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Mutawatir (Successive, Continuous chain) Hadith:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A
Mutawatir (continuous, successive) Hadith is a report of such a large number
of narrators (at different times) that their agreement upon an untruth is
inconceivable thus being accepted as unquestionable in its veracity. A Hadith
is said to be Mutawatir if it was reported by a significant, though
unspecified, number of narrators at each level in the chain of narration, thus
reaching the succeeding generation through multiple chains of narration leading
back to its source. This provides confirmation that the Hadith is authentically
attributed to its source at a level above reasonable doubt. This is due to its
being beyond historical possibility that narrators could have conspired to
forge a narration. In contrast, an <i>Ahaad</i> Hadith is a narration the chain
of which has not reached a number sufficient to qualify as Mutawatir. There are
only two types of texts in Islamic sharīʿah which are immutable (Qaati’) a)
verses of Qura’n and b) Mutawatir Hadith. If someone denies a Mutawatir Hadith
he does Kufr. There are only 100 to 310 Mutawatir Hadiths according to
different collections. ....................................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
New Work on Hadith in Turkey:</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are approximately around 159,000 Hadiths
or narrations, which include repetition. For example, in the Bukhari text there
are 7,275 Hadith including repetitions. When repetitions excluded the number is
2,230. Similarly when exclude the repetitions in the total 159,000, we are left
with about 20,000 Hadith. In Turkey a project has been launched to understand
Hadiths in present era. Professor Mehmet Gormez, vice-president of Turkey’s
“Religious Affairs Directorate, or Diyanet” ...................................</span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Islam in 21<sup>st</sup> Century: </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“The
claim of the present generation of Muslim liberals (progressive Muslims) to reinterpret
the foundational legal principles, in the light of their own experience and the
altered conditions of modern life is, in my opinion, perfectly justified.” –
Allama Dr.Muhammad Iqbal<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The terminology “Liberal Muslim” or “Liberal
Islam” is used here to mean “Progressive Muslim” not in the sense defined and
used by West. Liberalism is a Western political philosophy or worldview founded
on ideas of liberty and equality. Whereas classical liberalism emphasises the
role of liberty, social liberalism stresses the importance of equality. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Why Progressive Movements Failed?</span></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
reasons for the lack of success of progressive movements in Islam may be
attributed to a series of historical circumstances, rather than to some
inherent flaw in Islam. Some reasons according to Aykol are: ..................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Several generally accepted tenets have emerged:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There are
many trends, which are not considered acceptable by the traditionalists, like;
the autonomy of the individual in interpreting the Quran and Hadith. More
liberal trends include rejecting Hadiths completely (like Quran Alone Muslims)
or partially (including Hadiths considered authentic (Sahih) by
traditionalists) like Gamal Al-Banna. .................................<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Islamic Modernism:</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Salafi movement or Salafist movement or
Salafism is an ultra-conservative reform movement within Sunni Islam that
developed in Arabia in the first half of the 18th century, against a background
of European colonialism. It advocated a return to the traditions of the
"devout ancestors" (the salaf). Some scholars define this movement as
Modernist Salafism. The Salafist doctrine can be summed up as taking "a
fundamentalist approach to Islam, emulating the Prophet Muhammad(pbuh) and his
earliest followers – al-salaf al-salih, the 'pious forefathers'."
"They reject religious innovation,...........................................</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Quran and Hadith Distinction:</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mustafa Akyol, a Turkish writer, never expresses
any doubt that Allah is real or that the Qur’an is a revelation that Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh) received from Allah. Instead, he argues from within the Islamic
tradition that there have all along been multiple interpretations of the
Qur’an, and that the fundamentalist ones currently popular are their
corruptions due to unfortunate historical circumstances of the post-Qur’anic
era. In particular, he distinguishes between the Qur’an and the Hadiths .....................</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Muslim Contributions in Human Development:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The contributions in the
advancement of knowledge for betterment of humanity<b> </b>are enormous, which
have been summed up in Encyclopedia Britannica: <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“The Madrasahs
generally offered instruction in both the religious sciences and other branches
of knowledge. The contribution of these institutions to the advancement of
knowledge was vast. Muslim scholars calculated the angle of the ecliptic;
measured the size of the Earth; calculated the precession of the equinoxes;
explained, in the field of optics and physics, such phenomena as refraction of
light, gravity, capillary attraction, and twilight; and developed observatories
for the empirical study of heavenly bodies. They made advances in the uses of
drugs, herbs, and foods for medication; established hospitals with a system of
interns and externs; discovered causes of certain diseases and developed
correct diagnoses of them; proposed new concepts of hygiene; made use of
anesthetics in surgery with newly innovated surgical tools; and introduced the
science of dissection in anatomy. Muslims furthered the scientific breeding of
horses and cattle; found new ways of grafting to produce new types of flowers
and fruits; introduced new concepts of irrigation, fertilization, and soil
cultivation; and improved upon the science of navigation. In the area of
chemistry, Muslim scholarship led to the discovery of such substances as
potash, alcohol, nitrate of silver, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and mercury
chloride. ...........................................<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Influence on Europe: </span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Europe has known art objects of Islamic origin
since the early Middle Ages, when they were brought home by the crusaders or
manufactured by the Arabs in Sicily and Spain. Much admired and even imitated,
they formed part of the material culture in those times, so much so ..................................</span></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">European Islam:</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">European Islam is a hypothesized new branch of
Islam, which some believe is emerging in Europe, and which would combine the
duties and principles of Islam with the contemporary European cultures,
including Europe's post-Enlightenment values and traditions such as..............</span></span><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Perfected Religion:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Islam was
completed during lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), during last Hajj, Allah
declared:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">“…. This
day have I perfected your religion for you and completed My favour unto you,
and have chosen for you as religion al-Islam.”(Quran”: 5:3) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
famous six Hadith (Tradition) books were written about 250 years later, through
individual private collections. While the Quran had been officially compiled
and approved, Hadiths had not. Muslims were already offering prayers 5 times a
day, all other practices were in place, some not fully elaborated in Quran,
were very much in practice, through Sunnah of Prophet (pbuh) in Twatir
(unbroken continuity). Probably this could be one of reason of not officially
codifying Hadiths by rightly guided caliphs, Allah says: ...............................<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Salient Aspects of Islamic Society and Culture:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span>Islamic
society is to be governed through (<i>Shura)</i>
consultation, based upon justice through Shari’a law, which is only possible in
Muslim dominated societies. There are many Muslim countries which are secular.
The choice should be left to the people rather than imposing through coercsion.
The Muslims living in other countries have to adhere to the law of land, which
grants freedom of faith and religion to everyone according to UN charter. ...........</span><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-16354948262172227032016-10-05T11:26:00.004-07:002023-02-07T09:07:12.371-08:00Introduction to Islam: by Dr.Hamidullah اردو کتب<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;"><b style="font-family: sans-serif;">Muhammad Hamidullah</b><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #252525;"> (</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #252525;">: </span><span dir="rtl" face="sans-serif" lang="ur" style="color: #252525;" xml:lang="ur">محمد حمیداللہ</span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #252525;">), (9 February</span>1908 – 17 December 2002) </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doctor of Philosophy">D. Phil.</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doctor of Letters">D. Litt.</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilal-e-Imtiaz" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hilal-e-Imtiaz">HI</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">, was a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhaddith" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqih" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Faqih">Faqih</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">, scholar of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_law" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;"> and an academic author with over 250 books.</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;"> A prolific writer, his extensive works on Islamic science, history and culture have been published in several languages and many thousands of articles in learned journals.</span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">His scholarship is regarded by many as unparalleled in the last century. A double doctorate (</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.Phil" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="D.Phil">D.Phil</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;"> and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.Litt" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="D.Litt">D.Litt</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">) and a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.5px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polymath">polymath</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 17.5px;">, he was fluent in 22 languages including Urdu (his mother tongue), Persian, Arabic, French, English, German, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Russian etc. He learned Thai at the age of 84. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah" target="_blank">More >>>><br /></a></span><div dir="rtl"><a href="http://kitabosunnat.com/kutub-library/khutbat-e-bahawal-puri" target="_blank"><b><span>ڈاکٹر محمد حمید اللہ کی<<< اردو کتب >>>></span></b></a></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">ڈاکٹر محمد حمید اللہ (پیدائش: 9فروری 1908ء، انتقال : 17 دسمبر 2002ء) معروف محدث، فقیہ، محقق، قانون دان اور اسلامی دانشور تھے اور بین الاقوامی قوانین کے ماہر سمجھے جاتے تھے۔ تاریخ حدیث پر اعلٰی تحقیق، فرانسیسی میں ترجمہ قرآن اور مغرب کے قلب میں ترویج اسلام کا اہم فریضہ نبھانے پر آپ کو عالمگیر شہرت ملی۔ آپ جامعہ عثمانیہ سے ایم۔اے، ایل ایل۔بی کی ڈگریاں حاصل کرنے کے بعد اعلیٰ تعلیم و تحقیق کے لیے یورپ پہنچے۔ بون یونیورسٹی (جرمنی) سے ڈی فل اور سوربون یونیورسٹی (پیرس)سے ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی ۔ -=------</div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;"> ڈاکٹر صاحب کچھ عرصے تک جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدر آباد میں پروفیسر رہے۔ یورپ جانے کے بعد جرمنی اور فرانس کی یونیورسٹیوں میں بھی تدریسی خدمات انجام دیں۔ فرانس کے نیشنل سنٹر آف سائینٹیفک ریسرچ سے تقریباً بیس سال تک وابستہ رہے۔ علاوہ ازیں یورپ اور ایشیا کی کئی یونیورسٹیوں میں آپ کے توسیعی خطبات کا سلسلہ بھی جاری رہا۔زیر نظر کتاب خطبات بہاولپور دراصل مارچ 1980ءمیں جامعہ عباسیہ(اسلامیہ یونیورسٹی بھاولپور،پاکستان) کی دعوت پر یونیورسٹی میں ججز، علماءاور یونیورسٹیوں کے چانسلرز او رڈین حضرات کی زیر صدارت ڈاکٹر حمیداللہ کے مختلف علمی موضوعات پر بارہ خطبات کا مجموعہ ہے جو علمی حلقوں ، قانون دان او ر دانشور طبقے کے درمیان خطبات بہاولپور کے نا م سے معروف ہے ۔یہ خطبات 8مارچ 1980 ء سے 20 ماچ 1980ءتک مسلسل جاری رہے۔ان خطبات کوسننے کےلیے اسلامیہ یونیورسٹی بہاولپور کے اساتذہ،طلباء وطالبات کےعلاوہ شہر کے علمائے کرام اوراہل ذوق و طلب خواتین وحضرات کی ایک کثیر تعدادتشریف لاتی جن میں ملک کے دوسرے شہروں سے آنے والے مہمانانِ گرامی بھی شامل ہوتے۔ان خطبات کاپہلا ایڈیشن اپریل 1981ءمیں شائع ہوا اور اسے بڑا قبول عا م حاصل ہوا ۔ زیر نظر <b><a href="http://kitabosunnat.com/kutub-library/khutbat-e-bahawal-puri" target="_blank">خطبات بہاولپور</a></b> کی گیارویں اشاعت ہے جسے ادارہ تحقیقات اسلامی،اسلام آباد نے اچھے کاغذ پر بڑی عمدگی سے شائع کیا ہے اللہ تعالی ڈاکٹر حمید اللہ مرحوم کی اشاعت اسلام کےلیے کوششوں کو قبول فرمائے (آمین)(م۔ا)</div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="http://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85.13378/" target="_blank">تاریخ قرآن مجید از ڈاکٹر محمد حمید اللہ</a> <a href="http://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85.13378/" target="_blank">>>></a></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Introduction to Islam</b></span><br /><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">by <a href="http://muslimcanada.org/biosketchhamid.html">Dr. M. Hamidullah</a></span></b></center>
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<b><i>Dr. Hamidullah's book is a good resource, not only for non-Muslims who wish to know more about Islam, but for Muslims who wish to learn more about their faith. Here is a complete listing of the chapters (and also other excerpts):</i></b></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/prophetbio.html">Ch. 1 ... The Prophet of Islam -- His Biography</a> paragraphs 1-42</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch2hamid.html">Ch. 2 ... Preservation of the Original Teachings of Islam</a> paragraphs 43-98</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch3hamid.html">Ch. 3 ... The Islamic Conception of Life</a> paragraphs 99-125</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch4hamid.html">Ch. 4 ... Faith and Belief</a> paragraphs 126-159</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch5hamid.html">Ch. 5 ... Devotional Life and Religious Practices in Islam</a> paragraphs 160-198/a</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch6hamid.html">Ch. 6 ... The Cultivation of Spiritual Life</a> paragraphs 199-222</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch7hamid.htm">Ch. 7 ... The System of Morality in Islam</a> paragraphs 223-257</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch8hamid.htm">Ch. 8 ... The Political System of Islam</a> paragraphs 258-299</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch9hamid.html">Ch. 9 ... The Judicial System of Islam</a> paragraphs 300-336</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch10hamid.html">Ch. 10 ... The Economic System of Islam</a> paragraphs 337-379</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch11hamid.html">Ch. 11 ... The Muslim Woman</a> paragraphs 380-405</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch12hamid.html">Ch. 12 ... The Status of non-Muslims in Islam</a> paragraphs 406-442</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch13hamid.html">Ch. 13 ... Muslim Contribution to the Sciences and Arts</a> paragraphs 443-488</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch14hamid.html">Ch. 14 ... General History of Islam</a> paragraphs 489-515</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch15hamid.html">Ch. 15 ... Daily Life of a Muslim</a> paragraphs 516-592 [large file]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch16hamidbiblio.html">Select Bibliography of Muslim Authors</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/sex.htm#B">On Polygamy</a> ...Paragraphs 402 - 404 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch3hamid.html#free">On Free Will and Predestination</a> ... Paragraphs 121 - 125 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch4hamid.html#predestination">On Free Will and Predestination</a> ... Paragraphs 155 - 158 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/hajj.htm">On The Hajj</a> ... Paragraphs 177 - 184</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/letters1.html#11">On why the Service of Worship (i.e. the <i>Salat or </i>Prayer) is in Arabic</a> ... Paragraphs 575 i-xvii </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/welfare.htm#zakat">On Zakat and State Expenditure</a> ... Paragraphs 351 - 367</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/letters2.html#15">On Gambling and Alcohol</a> ... Paragraphs 251, 252, 368 & 379</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/ch12hamid.html#holy">On Holy War</a> ... Paragraph 441 and 442</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/qibla.html">Determining the direction of the Qibla</a> ... Paragraphs 554 and 582 (f and g)</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">EXCERPTS FROM OTHER BOOKS BY DR. HAMIDULLAH</span></b></center>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><b><i><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/gist.htm">Islam in a Nutshell</a></i></b> An excerpt from the same book by Dr. Hamidullah</span><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/pow.html">Treatment of Prisoners of War</a> </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">excerpt from <b><i>The Muslim Conduct of State</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/muslims.htm">Muslims and non-Muslims are Equal and Alike in Worldly Affairs</a> excerpt from <b><i>The Muslim Conduct of State</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://muslimcanada.org/contribution_shafi.html">The Contribution of Imam al Shafi</a> (An excerpt from <b>The Emergence of Islam</b>)</span></td></tr>
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Source: <a href="http://muslimcanada.org/hamidullah_all.html" target="_blank">http://muslimcanada.org/hamidullah_all.html</a></form>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-90665586359543028802016-05-03T02:55:00.015-07:002023-10-04T03:55:01.217-07:00Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQXM7L4ie9sEOTa7a_kJgs2FSUjgYlQ1wSpEysd7re9zNXBIHNSf2DcH5VYE9mEeANsPA8JKWVMYlFWwFnO29kQ7dfIego8SIIbl6XXgCsEAMrxGUDkzz90VcqUVlQjs-AeuFnPH_ag4H/s1600/Reconst-2.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQXM7L4ie9sEOTa7a_kJgs2FSUjgYlQ1wSpEysd7re9zNXBIHNSf2DcH5VYE9mEeANsPA8JKWVMYlFWwFnO29kQ7dfIego8SIIbl6XXgCsEAMrxGUDkzz90VcqUVlQjs-AeuFnPH_ag4H/s200/Reconst-2.jpg" width="156" /></a></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Iqbal as the epitome of the miracles of the Qur'an in the present era : "For me, the greatest manifestation of the miracles of the Qur'an in the present era is the personality of Allama Iqbal." Said , la</span><span style="font-size: large;">te Dr. Israr Ahmed, describing Allama he says: </span><span style="font-size: large;"> In the twentieth century, a person like Allama Iqbal who acquired knowledge at the highest level of the time, who studied the philosophies of the East and the West, who was a comprehensive of both ancient and modern, who went to Germany and England to study philosophy. He was possessed by this Qur'an in such a way that his mind was soothed only by the wise Qur'an and his thirst for knowledge could be quenched only by the Book of Allah.</span></div><div><div>I only got peace and protection in you !</div></div><div style="font-style: italic;"><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The worst of creations with Good are those deaf, those dumb who do not use their intellect (Quran;2:18) . "And Allah gives another example: There are two men. One of them is dumb who is unable to do anything, and he is a burden on his master. Wherever he directs him to, he brings no good. Can he be equal to the one who enjoins justice and is on the straight path?"(Quran;16:76)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"And in the alternation of night and day, and in the provision God sends down from the sky, bringing Earth to life by it after it has died, and in the varying direction of the winds, there are Signs for people who use their intellect."(Qur'an, 45:5)</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>“..he who perished might perish by a clear proof and he who survived might survive by a clear proof “(Quran; 8:42)</i></span><br />
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<div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "paytone one"; text-align: left;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">مرحوم ڈاکٹر اسرار احمد علامہ اقبالؒ کو عہدِ حاضر میں اعجاز قرآن کا مظہر قرار دیتے ہوئے رقمطراز ہیں: ’’میرے نزدیک عہد حاضر میں قرآن کے اعجاز کا سب سے بڑا مظہر علامہ اقبال کی شخصیت ہے۔ بیسویں صدی میں علامہ اقبال جیسا ایک شخص جس نے وقت کی اعلیٰ ترین سطح پر علم حاصل کیا، جس نے مشرق و مغرب کے فلسفے پڑھ لئے، جو قدیم اور جدید دونوں کا جامع تھا، جو جرمنی اور انگلستان میں جا کر فلسفہ پڑھتا رہا، اُس کو اس قرآن نے اس طرح Possess کیا اور اس پر اس طرح چھاپ قائم کی کہ اُس کے ذہن کو سکون ملا تو صرف قرآنِ حکیم سے اور اس کی تشنگٔی علم کو آسودگی حاصل ہو سکی تو صرف کتاب اللہ سے گویا بقول خود اُن کے ؎</span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;">نہ کہیں جہاں میں اماں ملی، جو اماں ملی تو کہاں ملی: مرے جرم خانہ خراب کو تیرے عفوِ بندہ نواز میں!</span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: medium;"><div><b>قرآن حکیم اور فکر اقبال</b></div><div>آں کتابِ زندہ، قرآنِ حکیم</div><div>حکمتِ او لایزال است و قدیم</div><div>نسخۂ اسرارِ تکوینِ حیات</div><div>بے ثبات از قوتش گیرد ثبات</div><div>حرفِ او را ریب نے، تبدیل نے</div><div>آیہ اش شرمندۂ تاویل نے ۱۵؎</div><div>(ترجمہ) وہ کتابِ زندہ جسے قرآن حکیم کہتے ہیں ۔اس میں حکمت کی درج باتیں ہمیشہ رہنے والی اور پرانی ہیں ۔ وہ ( قرآن پاک) زندگی کے ہونے یا نہ ہونے کے بھیدوں کا نسخہ ہے۔ بے ثباّت بھی اس کی وجہ سے ثابت قدم ہو جاتا ہے۔اس کے حروف میں نہ کوئی شک ہے اور نہ کوئی تبدیلی ہو سکتی ہے۔اس کی آیاتِ بینات کی کوئی غلط تاویل نہیں ہو سکتی ہے</div></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://bit.ly/Reconstruction-Iqbal" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/Reconstruction-Iqbal</a> </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.zindgienau.com/Issues/2017/September2017/images/unicode_files/heading3.htm" target="_blank">http://www.zindgienau.com/Issues/2017/September2017/images/unicode_files/heading3.htm</a> </span></div></span></div><div dir="rtl" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "paytone one"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" target="_blank">خطبات اقبال - اسلام میں تفکر کا انداز جدید - <<</a></b><b><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" target="_blank">اردو</a></b><b><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" target="_blank">>> </a></b></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span>The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam is a compilation of lectures delivered by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" target="_blank"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Muhammad Iqbal </span></b></a><span>on Islamic philosophy; it was published in 1930. These lectures were delivered by Iqbal in Madras, Hyderabad, and Aligarh. The last chapter, "Is Religion Possible", was added to the book from the 1934 Oxford Edition onwards.</span></div>
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In Reconstruction, Iqbal called for a re-examination of the intellectual foundations of Islamic philosophy. The book is a major work of modern Islamic thought. It was a major influence on Iranian sociologist Ali Shariati and other contemporary Muslim reformers, including Tariq Ramadan.</div>
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<b>Quotes from the book</b></div>
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<li>To have a succession of identical thoughts and feelings is to have no thoughts and feelings at all. Such is the lot of most Muslim countries today. They are mechanically repeating old values...</li>
<li>Space, time, and matter are interpretations which thought puts on the free creative energy of God.</li>
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<li>If the aim of religion is the spiritualisation of the heart, then it must penetrate the soul of man, and it can best penetrate the inner man . . . We find that when Muhammad Ibn Tumart—the Mahdi of Muslim Spain—who was Berber by nationality, came to power and established the pontifical rule of the Muwahhidun, he ordered for the sake of the illiterate Berbers that the Quran should be translated and read in the Berber language and that the call to prayer should be given in Berber.</li>
<li>Such is the attitude of the modern Turk, inspired as he is by the realities of experience, and not by the scholastic reasoning of jurists who lived and thought under different conditions of life. To my mind these arguments, if rightly appreciated, indicate the birth of an International ideal, which forming the very essence of Islam, has been hitherto overshadowed or rather displaced by Arabian Imperialism of the earlier centuries in Islam.</li>
<li>The republican form of government is not only thoroughly consistent with the spirit of Islam, but has also become a necessity in view of the new forces that were set free in the world of Islam.</li>
<li>The more genuine schools of Sufism have, no doubt, done good work in shaping and directing the evolution of religious experience in Islam; but their latter-day representatives, owing to their ignorance of the modern mind, have become absolutely incapable of receiving any fresh inspiration from modern thought and experience. They are perpetuating methods which were created for generations possessing a cultural outlook differing, in important respects, from our own</li>
<li>Hard his lot and frail his being, like a rose leaf, yet no form of reality is so powerful, so inspiring, and so beautiful as the spirit of man. </li>
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<b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/" target="_blank">Preface</a>:</b></div>
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The Qur’ān is a book which emphasizes ‘deed’ rather than ‘idea’. There are, however, men to whom it is not possible organically to assimilate an alien universe by re-living, as a vital process, that special type of inner experience on which religious faith ultimately rests. Moreover, the modern man, by developing habits of concrete thought– habits which Islam itself fostered at least in the earlier stages of its cultural career– has rendered himself less capable of that experience which he further suspects because of its liability to illusion. The more genuine schools of Sufism have, no doubt, done good work in shaping and directing the evolution of religious experience in Islam; but their latter-day representatives, owing to their ignorance of the modern mind, have become absolutely incapable of receiving any fresh inspiration from modern thought and experience. They are perpetuating methods which were created for generations possessing a cultural outlook differing, in important respects, from our own. ‘Your creation and resurrection,’ says the Qur’ān, ‘are like the creation and resurrection of a single soul.’ <a href="http://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=31&verse=20&to=30" target="_blank">(Quran;31:28). </a>A living experience of the kind of biological unity, embodied in this verse, requires today a method physiologically less violent and psychologically more suitable to a concrete type of mind. <b>In the absence of such a method the demand for a scientific form of religious knowledge is only natural</b>. In these Lectures, which were undertaken at the request of the Madras Muslim Association and delivered at Madras, Hyderabad, and Aligarh, I have tried to meet, even though partially, this urgent demand by <b>attempting to reconstruct Muslim religious philosophy with due regard to the philosophical traditions of Islam and the more recent developments in the various domains of human knowledge.</b> And the present moment is quite favourable for such an undertaking. <b>Classical Physics has learned to criticize its own foundations. </b>As a result of this criticism the kind of materialism, which it originally necessitated, is rapidly disappearing; and the day is not far off when <b>Religion and Science may discover hitherto unsuspected mutual harmonies.</b> <b>It must, however, be remembered that there is no such thing as finality in philosophical thinking. As knowledge advances and fresh avenues of thought are opened, other views, and probably sounder views than those set forth in these lectures, are possible</b>. Our duty is carefully to watch the progress of human thought, and to maintain an independent critical attitude towards it.<br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Lectures / Chapters: </span></b><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8iXDxqiJQKzTmRUQWk5aldSZTg" target="_blank">Download or read online <<here>></a> </span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">For batter understanding, it is strongly recommended to first read Abridged Lectures </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/15ytjIhDsZvqe8idKNoYjKPSRSIrF_Z6T_vYxngm1EKo/edit?usp=sharing" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><<here>></a><br />
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<b style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 16pt;">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam </span></b></div>
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<b style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 18.48px; text-align: center;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 16pt;">By Dr.Muhammad Iqbal</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8iXDxqiJQKzMDVWTEhZTFUwTms" style="color: blue; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> تخلیص و ترجمہ : خطبات اقبال - ڈاکٹر خللیفہ حکیم</span></b> </a></div>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span color="windowtext" dir="RTL" face=""vrinda" , sans-serif"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span color="windowtext" face=""vrinda" , sans-serif">Available - </span><a href="http://goo.gl/MT7xqL" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;"><span color="windowtext" face=""vrinda" , sans-serif">http://goo.gl/MT7xqL</span></a><span color="windowtext" face=""vrinda" , sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/01.htm" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">Knowledge and Religious Experience</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq";">: </span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">علم اور روحانی تجربہ : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>2.</span></b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/02.htm" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">Philosophical Test of the Revelations of Religious Experience</span></b></a><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"> روحانی تجربہ کے مکشوفات کی عقلی جانچ</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">3.</span></b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/03.htm" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">The Conception of God and the Meaning of Prayer</span></b></a><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">تصور خدا اور عبادت کا مفہوم</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">4.</span></b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/04.htm" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">The Human Ego - His Freedom and Immortality</span></b></a><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">اسانی نفس اس آزادی اور سرمدیت</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">5.</span></b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/05.htm" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">The Spirit of Muslim Culture</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq";"> </span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">اسلامی ثقافت کی روح</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">6.</span></b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/06.htm" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam</span></b></a><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">اسلام میں اصول حرکت (اجتہاد)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">7. </span></b><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/07.htm" style="color: #060117; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">Is Religion Possible?</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq";"> </span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "jameel noori nastaleeq"; font-size: 14pt;">کیا مذہب ممکن ہے ؟</span></b></div><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/reconstruction-of-religious-thought-in.html" style="font-family: "Paytone One"; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-size: medium;"><b>خطبات اقبال - اسلام میں تفکر کا انداز جدید</b></span></a><br /><ul style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">
</ul><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Paytone One;"><div dir="rtl">ز مَن بر صُوفی و مُلاّ سلامے: کہ پیغامِ خُدا گُفتَند ما را </div><div dir="rtl">ولے تاویلِ شاں در حیرت اَنداخت: خُدا و جبرئیلؑ و مصطفیؐ را </div><div dir="rtl">میری جانب سے صُوفی ومُلاّ کو سلام پہنچے کہ انہوں نے اللہ تعالیٰ کے احکامات ہم تک پہنچائے، لیکن انہوں نے اُن احکامات کی جو تاویلیں کیں،اُس نے اللہ تعالیٰ، جبرائیل ؑاور محمد مصطفیﷺ کو بھی حیران کر دیا۔(علامہ محمد اقبال)</div><div dir="rtl"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">I extend my greetings, Salaam, to both the Sufis and Mullahs for their efforts in conveying the message of God to us. However, the manner in which they have interpreted these divine commands has left </div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">Allah, Angel Gabriel, and Muhammad (peace be upon him) perplexed (Allama Muhammad Iqbal)</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-13d889f8-7fff-0722-5527-beac4a8c7acf"><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">رسالة التجديد</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ed0b9d71-7fff-8c8f-8d19-09107748ac3e"></span></span></p><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> علامہ</span><a href="https://bit.ly/Reconstruction-Iqbal" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> اقبال</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> نے اسلامی فکر کے جمود میں بیداری پیدا کی اور ڈاکٹر </span><a href="https://salaamone.com/2islam/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">برق</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> کے مجربات و محسوسات مزید غور و تفکرانسپائر کرتے ہیں- بیس سال قرآن کے مطالعہ و تحقیق، </span><a href="https://bit.ly/Critical-Inquiry" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">علماء</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> اور اہل علم لوگوں سے کئی کئی دن پر محیط طویل تبادلہ خیالات و ای ایکسچینجز</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> کے بعد اہم موضوعات پر حاصل نتائج کا خلاصہ پیش خدمت ہے- </span><a href="https://bit.ly/TejdeedResearch" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">مکمل تحقیق</span></a><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> اردو</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> اور</span><a href="https://quran1book.wordpress.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> انگریزی</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> ویب سائٹس اور </span><a href="https://quran1book.blogspot.com/2020/06/e-book.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">eBooks</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> میں موجود ہے- مواد (contents) پر توجہ دیں اور زبان کی غلطیوں کو نظر انداز کریں</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">۔ اپنے موجودہ نظریات کو دوران مطالعہ ایک طرف رکھنا ہو گا، فٹ نوٹس پرریفرنس لنکس کو پڑھیں توسوالات کے جوابات مل جائیں گےپھر</span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/17rKvDNGX0R-Y5AxEBeHVsijwIwXcJ5uJ9nonPG9YiQY/edit#heading=h.qi2p6e1n9lvl" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">رابطہ</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> بھی کیا جا سکتا ہے- کوشش کی ہے کہ الله تعالی کا پیغام درست ترین طور پرسمجھ کر پیش کیا جائے- مگربشری محدودات سے کسی نادانستہ غلطی پراللہ تعالی سےمعافی اوربخشش کا طلبگار</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">-</span></p><p dir="rtl" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">[بریگیڈیئر آفتاب احمد خان (ر)] ١٢ ربیع الاول ١٤٤٨ ھ / </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">September 29 2023]</span></p><div><br /></div></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://salaamone.com/tejdeed/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>https://SalaamOne.com/tejdeed/</b></span></a></div><div style="text-align: right;"><h4 style="text-align: right;">اقبال اور ملا کی تنگ نظری</h4><div>====================</div><div>اسلام ٹائمز: </div><div>’’ملا کا دل کسی غم میں گرفتار نہیں کیونکہ اس کے پاس آنکھ تو ہے، اس میں نمی نہیں۔ اس کے مکتب سے میں اس لیے نکل آیا ہوں کہ اس کے حجاز کی ریت میں کوئی زمزم نہیں ہے۔ منبر پر جب ہو تو اس کا کلام چبھن والا زہریلا ہوتا ہے جبکہ اس کے پاس سینکڑوں کتابیں ہوتی ہیں۔ میں نے شرم کے مارے تیرے سامنے یہ بات نہیں کہی کہ وہ اپنے آپ سے تو چھپا ہوا ہے لیکن ہمارے سامنے آشکار ہے۔‘‘</div><div><br /></div><div>تحریر: سید ثاقب اکبر</div><div><br /></div><div><b>ڈاکٹر خلیفہ عبد الحکیم لکھتے ہیں</b>: ’’علامہ اقبال ایک روز مجھ سے فرمانے لگے کہ اکثر پیشہ ور ملا عملاً اسلام کے منکر، اس کی شریعت سے منحرف اور مادہ پرست دہریہ ہوتے ہیں۔ فرمایا کہ ایک مقدمے کے سلسلے میں ایک مولوی صاحب میرے پاس اکثر آتے تھے۔ مقدمے کی باتوں کے ساتھ ساتھ ہر وقت یہ تلقین ضرور کرتے تھے کہ دیکھیے ڈاکٹر صاحب آپ بھی عالم دین ہیں اور اسلام کی بابت نہایت لطیف باتیں کرتے ہیں لیکن افسوس ہے کہ آپ کی شکل مسلمانوں کی سی نہیں، آپ کے چہرے پر ڈاڑھی نہیں۔ میں اکثر ٹال کر کہہ دیتا کہ ہاں مولوی صاحب آپ سچ فرماتے ہیں۔ یہ ایک کوتاہی ہے، علاوہ اور کوتاہیوں کے۔ ایک روز مولوی صاحب نے تلقین میں ذرا شدت برتی تو میں نے عرض کیا کہ مولوی صاحب آپ کے وعظ سے متاثر ہو کر ہم نے آج ایک فیصلہ کیا ہے۔ آپ میرے پاس اس مقدمے کے سلسلے میں آتے ہیں کہ آپ باپ کے ترکے میں سے اپنی بہن کو زمین کا حصہ نہیں دینا چاہتے اور کہتے ہیں کہ آپ کے ہاں شریعت کے مطابق نہیں بلکہ رواج کے مطابق ترکہ تقسیم ہوتا ہے اور انگریزی عدالتوں نے اس کو تسلیم کر لیا ہے۔ میری بے ریشی کو بھی دینی کوتاہی سمجھ لیجیے لیکن رواج کے مقابلے میں شریعت کو بالائے طاق رکھ دینا اس سے کہیں زیادہ گناہگاری ہے۔ میں نے آج یہ عہد کیا ہے کہ آپ بہن کو شرعی حصہ دے دیں اور میں ڈاڑھی بڑھا لیتا ہوں۔ لائیے ہاتھ، آپ کی بدولت ہماری بھی آج اصلاح ہو جائے۔ اس پر مولوی صاحب دم بخود ہوگئے اور میری طرف ہاتھ نہ بڑھ سکا۔‘‘</div><div><br /></div><div><b>علامہ اقبال نے ملا کی اس دو روئی کو یوں بیان کیا ہے:</b></div><div><br /></div><div>واعظاں کیں جلوہ بر محراب و منبر می کنند</div><div>چوں بہ خلوت می روند آں کار دیگر می کنند</div><div>مشکلی دارم ز دانشمند محفل باز پرس</div><div>توبہ فرمایاں چرا خود توبہ کمتر می کنند</div><div>’’واعظ لوگ جب محراب و منبر پر جلوہ فرما ہوتے ہیں، وہاں جو باتیں کرتے ہیں، خلوت میں جاکر ان کے برخلاف کام کرتے ہیں، میری ایک مشکل ہے، محفل کے دانشمند سے ایک دفع پھر پوچھ کر بتائیں کہ جو لوگ توبہ کرنے کا فرماتے ہیں، وہ خود کمتر توبہ کیوں کرتے ہیں‘‘ اقبال مجھے کئی دنوں سے یاد آرہے تھے، خاص طور پر ان دنوں سے جب مولویوں کے ایک گروہ کے متشدد فہم نے سارے پاکستان کو وحشت و کرب میں مبتلا کر رکھا تھا۔ جب پاکستان میں ایک مطالبے پر جو اپنے مقام پر صحیح بھی ہوسکتا ہے، اس مذہبی طبقے نے عوامی راستوں کو بند کر رکھا تھا، ہر چیز کو توڑ پھوڑ کا نشانہ بنا رہے تھے، ہر مخالف کو یہودی یا یہودی ایجنٹ قرار دے رہے تھے، سرکاری اور نجی املاک کو آگ لگا رہے تھے، یہاں تک کہ بہت سے افراد کو انھوں نے مار مار کر زخمی کر دیا اور بعض تو ان کے تشدد کی تاب نہ لا کر چل بسے۔</div><div><br /></div><div>اس موقع پر ایسے مذہبی طبقے کی ترجیحات کے حوالے سے ہمارے ایک دوست نے لکھا: ’’سچ بتائیے آپ نے پاکستان میں مولوی صاحبان کی بڑی تعداد کو جان لینے اور دینے کے نعرے لگاتے لگواتے سُنا، کیا کبھی کسی انسانی مسئلے پر بھی اس طبقے نے آواز اٹھائی؟ آپ نے کبھی ناجائز ذخیرہ اندوزی، گراں فروشی، ملاوٹ جیسے مسائل پر مذہبی طبقے کو بات کرتے ہوئے سُنا؟ کیا آپ نے کرپٹ سیاسی نظام، بدتر عدالتی نظام، رشوت پر مبنی پولیس سسٹم کے خلاف کبھی مذہبی جماعتوں کو مظاہرے کی کال دیتے ہوئے سُنا؟ پاکستان میں مذہبی طبقہ صرف "توہین" کے نام پر ہی مرنے مارنے پر ابھارتا ہے، یہ لوگوں کو سیرت نبوی اور اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں جینا کیوں نہیں سکھاتا!‘‘ ملا اپنی بات کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے ایسی ایسی تاویلیں اور حیلے تراش لیتا ہے کہ عقل انسانی کو حیرت ہوتی ہے، علامہ اقبال نے اس کی بھی نشاندہی کر رکھی ہے:</div><div>ز من بر صوفی و ملا سلامی</div><div>کہ پیغام خدا گفتند ما را</div><div>ولی تأویل شان در حیرت انداخت</div><div>خدا و جبرئیل و مصطفیٰ را</div><div>میری طرف سے صوفی و ملا پر سلام ہے کہ جو ہمیں اپنی طرف سے خدا کا پیغام سناتے ہیں، لیکن اس پیغام میں وہ ایسی تاویل کرتے ہیں کہ جس پر خدا، جبرئیل اور مصطفیؐ بھی حیرت میں پڑ جاتے ہیں۔</div><div><br /></div><div>ایک طرف جنھیں ہم کافر کہتے ہیں، انھیں دیکھیں اور دوسری طرف جنھیں ہم اپنا مذہبی راہنماء کہتے ہیں، انھیں دیکھیں تو علامہ اقبال کی یہ بات سچ دکھائی دیتی ہے:</div><div>دین کافر فکر و تدبیر و جہاد</div><div>دین ملا فی سبیل اللہ فساد</div><div>اقبال نے ملا کے مزاج کو ایک اور مقام پر بہ انداز دگر بیان کیا ہے اور ان کے مطابق اس مزاج کا حامل شخص جنت کی فضا میں مطمئن نہیں رہ سکتا۔ چنانچہ کہتے ہیں:</div><div>ميں بھی حاضر تھا وہاں، ضبط سخن کر نہ سکا</div><div>حق سے جب حضرت ملا کو ملا حکم بہشت</div><div>عرض کی ميں نے، الہی! مری تقصير معاف</div><div>خوش نہ آئيں گے اسے حور و شراب و لب کشت</div><div>نہيں فردوس مقام جدل و قال و اقول</div><div>بحث و تکرار اس اللہ کے بندے کی سرشت</div><div>ہے بد آموزی اقوام و ملل کام اس کا</div><div>اور جنت ميں ن ہمیشہ ملا کی کم نظری، فرقہ پرستی، ظاہر بینی اور خود خواہی کو ہدف تنقید بنایا ہے۔ ملا کے بارے میں ان کا عمومی تاثر یہ ہے کہ اگر وہ مخلص بھی ہو تو دین کے چھلکے سے جڑا ہوتا ہے، حقیقت دین کی اس کو خبر نہیں ہوتی۔ الفاظ و اصطلاحات کے بڑے ذخیرے سے کام لے کر عامۃ الناس سے اپنے آپ کو نمایاں کرنے کے درپے ہوتا ہے۔ علامہ اقبال کہتے ہیں:</div><div>قلندر جز دو حرف لا الہ کچھ بھی نہیں رکھتا</div><div>فقیہ شہر قاروں ہے لغت ہائے حجازی کا</div><div> افسوس کہ یہ بات صرف مسلمانوں کے مذہبی پیشواؤں پر صادق نہیں آتی بلکہ دنیا بھر کے مذاہب پر ایسے ہی افراد کا قبضہ ہے۔ ایسے کئی واقعات سامنے آتے ہیں، جن کے مطابق بعض افراد کو مسلمان ہونا اس لیے مشکل ہوگیا کہ ملاؤں کے نزدیک ضروری تھا کہ وہ موجود فرقوں میں سے کسی میں شامل ہوں۔ علامہ اقبال نے بھی ایسے بعض واقعات کی نشاندہی کر رکھی ہے۔ دنیا میں جو تیز رفتار تبدیلیاں آئی ہیں اور آرہی ہیں، ملا عام طور پر اس سے نابلد ہیں۔ ان کے بہت سے مسلمات تحقیق کی دنیا میں پادر ہوا ہوچکے ہیں، لیکن وہ آج تک اسی پر ڈٹے ہوئے ہیں۔ وہ اپنے صدیوں پرانے درسی نصاب پر عموماً نگاہ بازگشت کے لیے تیار نہیں ہوتے۔ عالمی حالات، حقائق اور واقعات ہی نہیں انسانیت کے دشمنوں کی تدبیریں اور طریقے بھی ان کی نظروں سے اوجھل رہتے ہیں۔ نئے حقائق کی شناسائی کی تمنا ان کے اندر پیدا ہی نہیں ہوتی۔ وہ اپنے تئیں عقل کل ہی نہیں شیخ الکل فی الکل بھی سمجھتے ہیں، جبکہ ایسا عصر حاضر میں تو بالکل ممکن نہیں ہے۔</div><div><br /></div><div>علامہ اقبال نے ملا کے بارے میں بہت کچھ کہہ رکھا ہے، ہمارے اس مضمون میں زیادہ گنجائش نہیں ہے۔ قارئین کرام ایک تحقیقی نظر اس سلسلے میں علامہ اقبال کی شاعری کے علاوہ ان کے منثورات و مکتوبات پر بھی ڈالیں۔ ہم آخر میں ان کے چند اشعار پر اپنی بات تمام کرتے ہیں:</div><div>دل ملا گرفتار غمی نیست</div><div>نگاہی ہست، در چشمش نمی نیست </div><div>از آن بگریختم از مکتب او</div><div>کہ در ریگ حجازش زمزمی نیست </div><div>سر منبر کلامش نیش دار است</div><div>کہ او را صد کتاب اندر کنار است </div><div>حضور تو من از خجلت نہ گفتم</div><div>ز خود پنہان و بر ما آشکار است</div><div><b><span style="font-size: medium;">’’ملا کا دل کسی غم میں گرفتار نہیں کیونکہ اس کے پاس آنکھ تو ہے اس میں نمی نہیں۔ اس کے مکتب سے میں اس لیے نکل آیا ہوں کہ اس کے حجاز کی ریت میں کوئی زمزم نہیں ہے۔ منبر پر جب ہو تو اس کا کلام چبھن والا زہریلا ہوتا ہے جبکہ اس کے پاس سینکڑوں کتابیں ہوتی ہیں۔ میں نے شرم کے مارے تیرے سامنے یہ بات نہیں کہی کہ وہ اپنے آپ سے تو چھپا ہوا ہے لیکن ہمارے سامنے آشکار</span></b></div></div></span></div>
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~~~~~~~~~~~~</div><div dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><h4><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>قرآن کو چھوڑنے والے بدترین علماء </b></span></h4><div>وَعَنْ عَلِیِّ رَضِیَ اﷲُعَنْہُ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اﷲِ صَلَّی اﷲُ عَلَیْہٖ وَسَلَّمَ یُوْشِکُ اَنْ یَّاْتِیَ عَلَی النَّاسِ زَمَانٌ لَا یَبْقَی مِنَ الْاِسْلَامِ اِلَّا اسْمُہۤ وَلَا یَبْقٰی مِنَ الْقُرْاٰنِ اِلَّا رَسْمُہ، مَسَاجِدُ ھُمْ عَامِرَۃٌ وَھِیَ خَرَابٌ مِنَ الْھُدٰی عُلَمَآءُ ھُمْ شَرُّ مَنْ تَحْتَ اٰدِیْمِ السْمَآءِ مِنْ عِنْدِھِمْ تَخْرُجُ الْفِتْنَۃُ وَفِیْھِمْ تَعُوْدُ۔ (رواہ البیہقی فی شعب الایمان)</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">" اور حضرت علی المرتضیٰ رضی اللہ تعالیٰ عنہ راوی ہیں کہ سرکار دو عالم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے ارشاد فرمایا۔ عنقریب لوگوں پر ایک ایسا وقت آئے گا کہ اسلام میں صرف اس کا نام باقی رہ جائے گا اور قرآن میں سے صرف اس کے نقوش باقی رہیں گے۔ ان کی مسجدیں (بظاہر تو) آباد ہوں گی مگر حقیقت میں ہدایت سے خالی ہوں گی۔ ان کے علماء آسمان کے نیچے کی مخلوق میں سے سب سے بدتر ہوں گے۔ انہیں سے (ظالموں کی حمایت و مدد کی وجہ سے ) دین میں فتنہ پیدا ہوگا اور انہیں میں لوٹ آئے گا (یعنی انہیں پر ظالم) مسلط کر دیئے جائیں گے۔" (بیہقی)</span></div><div><br /></div><div>یہ حدیث اس زمانہ کی نشان دہی کر رہی ہے جب عالم میں اسلام تو موجود رہے گا مگر مسلمانوں کے دل اسلام کی حقیقی روح سے خالی ہوں گے، کہنے کے لئے تو وہ مسلمان کہلائیں گے مگر اسلام کا جو حقیقی مدعا اور منشاء ہے اس سے کو سوں دور ہوں گے۔ قرآن جو مسلمانوں کے لئے ایک مستقل ضابطۂ حیات اور نظام علم ہے اور اس کا ایک ایک لفظ مسلمانوں کی دینی و دنیاوی زندگی کے لئے راہ نما ہے۔ صرف برکت کے لئے پڑھنے کی ایک کتاب ہو کر رہ جائے گا۔ چنانچہ یہاں " رسم قرآن" سے مراد یہی ہے کہ تجوید و قرأت سے قرآن پڑھا جائے گا، مگر اس کے معنی و مفہوم سے ذہن قطعاً نا آشنا ہوں گے، اس کے اوامر و نواہی پر عمل بھی ہوگا مگر قلوب اخلاص کی دولت سے محروم ہوں گے۔</div><div>مسجدیں کثرت سے ہوں گی اور آباد بھی ہوں گی مگر وہ آباد اس شکل سے ہوں گی کہ مسلمان مسجدوں میں آئیں گے اور جمع ہوں گے لیکن عبادت خداوندی، ذکر اللہ اور درس و تدریس جو بناء مسجد کا اصل مقصد ہے وہ پوری طرح حاصل نہیں ہوگا۔</div><div>اسی طرح وہ علماء جو اپنے آپ کو روحانی اور دنی پیشوا کہلائیں گے۔ اپنے فرائض منصبی سے ہٹ کر مذہب کے نام پر امت میں تفرقے پیدا کریں گے، ظالموں اور جابروں کی مدد و حمایت کریں گے۔ اس طرح دین میں فتنہ و فساد کا بیج بو کر اپنے ذاتی اغراض کی تکمیل کریں گے۔ (مشکوۃ شریف ۔ جلد اول ۔ علم کا بیان ۔ حدیث 263)</div><div>افتراق کی سبب دو چیزیں ہیں، عہدہ کی محبت یا مال کی محبت۔ سیدنا کعب بن مالک انصاری رضی اللہ تعالیٰ عنہ اپنے والد سے روایت کرتے ہیں کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے فرمایا:</div><div>”ماذئبان جائعان أرسلا في غنم بأفسد لھا من حرص المرء علی المال و الشرف لدینہ” دو بھوکے بھیڑئیے ، بکریوں کے ریوڑ میں چھوڑ دیئے جائیں تو وہ اتنا نقصان نہیں کرتے جتنا مال اور عہدہ کی حرص کرنے والا اپنے دین کے لئے نقصان دہ ہے۔ (الترمذی:۲۳۷۶ وھو حسن)</div><div>مجھے اپنی امت پر گمراہ اماموں کا خوف ہے</div><div>مجھے اپنی امت کی بابت دجال سے بھی زیادہ ایک چیز کا ڈر ہے گمراہ اماموں کا!</div><div>سیدنا ابوذر رضی اللہ عنہ کہتے ہیں میں رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے ساتھ چل رہا تھا- آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا : مجھے اپنی امت کی بابت دجال سے بھی زیادہ ایک چیز کا ڈر ہے. آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے تین بار یہی بات ارشاد فرمائی- سیدنا ابور ذر رضی اللہ تعالٰی عنہ کہتے ہیں- میں نے پوچھا : اے اللہ کے رسول ! صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم آپ کو اپنی امت کی بابت دجال سے بھی زیادہ کس چیز کا خوف ہے- فرمایا : گمراہ اماموں کا [البانی رحمہ اللہ ،'' سلسلة الأحاديث الصحيحة " (1582) ، (1989)''بيان تلبيس الجهمية " (2/293) ] [الراوي : أبو ذر الغفاري | المحدث : الهيثمي | المصدر : مجمع الزوائد، الصفحة أو الرقم: 5/2411 ]</div><div><br /></div><div> رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا : '' میں اپنی امت پر گمراہ کن اماموں سے ڈرتا ہوں '' [ الترمذي،2229 صحیح]</div><div>۱؎ ، نیز فرمایا : '' میری امت کی ایک جماعت ہمیشہ حق پر غالب رہے گی ، ان کی مدد نہ کرنے والے انہیں کوئی نقصان نہیں پہنچا سکیں گے یہاں تک کہ اللہ کا حکم (قیامت) آجائے ''۔ [امام ترمذی کہتے ہیں : ۱- یہ حدیث حسن صحیح ہے]</div><div>آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا ” مجھے اپنی امت پر گمراہ اماموں کا خوف ہے ۔ ''[سنن أبي داؤد 4252 ماخوز]</div><div> صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے ارشاد فرمایا : " مجھے تم لوگوں (حاضرین ) پر دجال کے علاوہ دیگر (جہنم کی طرف بلانے والوں ) کا زیادہ خوف ہے اگر وہ نکلتا ہے اور میں تمھارے درمیان موجود ہوں تو تمھاری طرف سے اس کے خلاف (اس کی تکذیب کے لیے ) دلائل دینے والا میں ہوں گا اور اگر وہ نکلا اور میں موجود نہ ہوا تو ہر آدمی اپنی طرف سے حجت قائم کرنے والا خود ہو گا اور اللہ ہر مسلمان پر میرا خلیفہ (خود نگہبان ) ہوگا ۔ [صحيح مسلم 7373 ماخوز]</div><div>نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے سچ فرمایا :"میں اپنی امت پر گمراہ کن اماموں سے ڈرتاہوں"- دوسرے فرقوں کے بانی جن کی وجہ سے امت تفرقہ کا شکار ہوئی. گمراہ آئمہ سے مراد وہ لوگ ہیں جو دین کے نام پر لوگوں کی قیادت کرتے ہیں، اس میں فاسد حکام اور گمراہ علماء شامل ہیں. ان کا دعوی یہ ہوتا ہے کہ وہ شریعت کی طرف بلارہے ہیں حقیقت میں شریعت کے سب سے زیادہ مخالف ہوتے ہیں [القول المفيد على كتاب التوحيد " (1/365)]</div><div>گمراہ امام یعنی شر کے امام [شيخ ابن عثيمين رحمه الله ] </div><div>گمراہ اماموں سے امراء مراد ہیں " مجموع الفتاوى" (1/355) .</div><div>( گمراہ امام ) یعنی جو مخلوق کو بدعت کی طرف بلائیں " [سندي نے " حاشية ابن ماجة " (2/465)]</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/114140/" target="_blank">https://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/threads/114140/</a></div><div><br /></div></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://pakistan-posts.blogspot.com/2016/02/allama-iqbal-bulwark-against-terrorism.html" target="_blank"><b>Allama Iqbal: Bulwark against terrorism, Counter Narrative. Who hate Iqbal and Why?</b></a></span></div>
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<li style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://quran-pedia.blogspot.com/2011/08/islam-philosophy.html" target="_blank">Islam & Philosophy </a></span></b></li>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763; font-size: x-small;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/works/prose/english/reconstruction/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;" target="_blank"><b>The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</b></a>, Read online at Iqbal Academy Pakistan</span></li>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763; font-size: x-small;"><b><a class="external text" href="http://www.yespakistan.com/iqbal/reconstruction/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;" target="_blank">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a>,</b> Read online at YesPakistan</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif" style="color: #073763; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px;"><a href="http://letsstartthinking.org/Iqbal/reconstruction-of-religious-thought.php" target="_blank">Excerpts: http://letsstartthinking.org/Iqbal/reconstruction-of-religious-thought.php</a></span></li>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://hangingodes.wordpress.com/2007/02/19/deconstructing-iqbals-reconstruction/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;" target="_blank"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763; font-size: x-small;">Deconstructing Iqbal's Reconstruction</span></b></a></li>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/Urdu-Books/969-416-202-024/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial;" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"><b>تجدید فکریات اسلام</b></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #073763;"> </span>Read online Urdu translation of The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam at Iqbal cyber library</span></span></li>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Summary:</span> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.renaissance.com.pk/OctBore2y5.htm" style="font-size: x-small;" target="_blank">http://www.renaissance.com.pk/OctBore2y5.htm</a> </span></span></li>
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<li style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/titlelist.html" target="_blank"><b>Hundreds of Articles</b>: http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/titlelist.html</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span face="sans-serif"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/download/cl4x9pgf5y5mf6j/Iqbal+aur+Mulla.pd" target="_blank">http://www.mediafire.com/download/cl4x9pgf5y5mf6j/Iqbal+aur+Mulla.pdf </a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 19px;"><a href="http://khalifaabdulhakim.com/books.html" target="_blank">http://khalifaabdulhakim.com/books.</a><a href="http://khalifaabdulhakim.com/books.html" target="_blank">html</a> اقبال پر اردو کتب </span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "alvi nastaleeq"; text-align: center;"><a href="http://goo.gl/Um5Ub" target="_blank">علامہ اقبال: تجدیدِ فکر اسلامی کے نقیب</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://kitaben.urdulibrary.org/Pages/IqbalTafheem.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://kitaben.urdulibrary.org/Pages/IqbalTafheem.html</span> فکرِ اقبال کی تفہیم اور مغالطے:</a> </li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/blog-post_27.html" target="_blank">دو اسلام - ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق :<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> http://salaamforum.blogspot.com/2016/05/blog-post_27.html</span></a></li>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia";"><b>Life & Poetry of Iqbal:<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/DISNAChannel#grid/user/52AF221B8502F8B8" style="font-size: x-small;" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/user/DISNAChannel#grid/user/52AF221B8502F8B8</a></span><br />
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<a class="gs-title" data-ctorig="http://islam4humanite.blogspot.com/2012/08/quran-intellect-and-reason.html" data-cturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://islam4humanite.blogspot.com/2012/08/quran-intellect-and-reason.html&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwjG5da2183MAhUWBY4KHRMSCn4QFggIMAE&client=internal-uds-cse&usg=AFQjCNHGkHg1NJwMGUTinbwSFWv7X4P1xA" dir="ltr" href="http://islam4humanite.blogspot.com/2012/08/quran-intellect-and-reason.html" style="color: #0b5394; cursor: pointer; height: 1.4em; line-height: 1.5em; overflow: hidden;" target="_blank"><b>Intellect and Reason</b></a></div>
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The difference between human and animals is the '<b>intellect</b>', the ability to learn and reason; the capacity for knowledge and understanding.</div>
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The debate on heart or brain to be the centre of <b>intellect</b> is very old. The cardiocentric model of Aristotle [384–322 B.C.E] went against the ...</div>
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Throughout the Quran, the narratives engage with its audience appealing to make use of their <b>intellect</b> and reason (Arabic: Aql) "Indeed, the ...</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-19069127341045511102016-04-02T23:53:00.000-07:002016-04-03T00:23:51.326-07:00Free 4 Books -Brief Introduction <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/creator.html" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="The Creator">The Creator</a> </span></strong></h3>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Is there a God?</span></strong></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The idea of a Supreme Power who is the First Cause of all things, the Creator and Ruler of heaven and earth has always been part of human nature from the beginning. The belief on God was followed by His worship in different cultures. The relation of a group of human beings to God or the gods or to whatever they consider sacred or, in some cases, merely supernatural is known as religion. The beliefs supporting the existence of God or against it, including the middle positions have resulted in an array of doctrines, the most prominent among them are; Theism, Monotheism, Theodicy, Deism, Agnosticism and Atheism. The main issue which have remained the center of attention of believers of the God has been; How to prove the existence of God rationally? Dilated upon in this book. The Abrahamic religions e.g., Judaism, Christianity, and Islam attempt to satisfy human quest through the Revealed knowledge received by the prophets and messengers of God. While exploring the historic development in theosophical and scientific aspects about ‘The God’ and ‘The Creation’ specifically in the three religions linked to Abraham. Islam emerges as true legacy of Abraham contrary to the common perception that it was a new religion founded by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Does God really exist? Find out more, click ‘<a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="The Creator">The Creator</a><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">‘</strong></span></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Why do we exist?</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Man has always been inquisitive about the origin and creation of universe to which earth is just a small part. The whole cosmic system of matter and energy is called universe. Its main constituents are the galaxies, within which are stars and stellar groupings and nebulae. Earth’s Sun is one star among the billions of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.The book “The Creation” includes the traditional narratives and myths of Creation, Scientific & theosophical theories, The Grand Design, Qur’anic and Biblical narrative of creation; Comparative analysis. Synthesis of Islamic & scientific narrative of creation. Human creation; Origin of life, Theory of Evolution and Refutation by Christians; Islamic perspective. Click.. </span><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="The Creation">The Creation </a><br />
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="The Guidance">The Guidance</a> : </span></strong></h3>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Does human need to be guided? If so, how?</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It is said that human is a thinking, rational animal. He knows what is right and what is wrong, so does he/she need some additional source of Guidance? Some say ‘No’, while others say ‘Yes’ and still there are who say ‘I Don’t know’. The Book “Guidance” includes, natural guidance, miracles & signs; The brief on the messengers of God; from Adam – Noah – Abraham – Ishmael – Isaac – Jacob -Moses – David, Solomon - John The Baptist (peace be upon them all), Prophet Jesus Christ, The Son of Mary (peace be upon him) and The Last Messenger; Muhammad (peace be upon him). The Sacred Scriptures. i.e. The Bible and Qur’an have been briefly introduced. Find out more, click <a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="The Guidance">The Guidance</a> .<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </strong></span></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/islam-broader-perspective.html" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Islam: Broader Perspective">Islam: Broader Perspective</a>: </span></strong></h3>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Legacy of Abraham:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Humanity has been blessed with the instincts and intellect to rationally identify and believe in the existence of a Supreme Creator and Sustainer through the signs within and all around. The man endeavors to live the life within the desired parameters to achieve His pleasure, the objective of his creation. This original religion was revived: Islam, in its unique spirit of monotheism, fourteen hundred years ago in concordance with the light of reason; exclusive of mysterious doctrines to cast a shade of sentimental ignorance round the original truths rooted in the human intellect, representing the latest development of the religious faculties. The Book “Islam: The Broader Perspective”;includes the Islam of Prophet Abraham, refutation of Prophet Jesus Christ by Jews, evolution of Christianity, revival of Legacy of Abraham (pbuh) by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Its doctrines, practices and the concept of Predestination has been debated. The other subjects include; Jihad, Shari’a , Priesthood, Human Rights and role of Islamic civilization in the development of humanity and the modern challenges. For details please download and read the book, click here >> <a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #743399; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Islam: Broader Perspective">Islam: Broader Perspective</a>.</span></div>
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<li style="font-size: x-small; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-indent: -24px;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/creator.html" style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">The Creator</a> </span></b></li>
<li style="font-size: x-small; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-creation.html" style="color: #660000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">The Creation </a> [<b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/the-creation.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">Why We Exist?</a>]</b></li>
<li style="font-size: x-small; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/guidance.html" style="color: #660000; font-size: small; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">The Guidance</a> </span></li>
<li style="font-size: x-small; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/legacy-of-abraham-islam.html" style="color: #660000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">Islam:</a><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><a href="http://justonegod.blogspot.com/2015/06/legacy-of-abraham-islam.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank">Broader Perspective</a></span></b></li>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">NEW!</span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Open letter to Muslims and Scholars: </b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Presently the society is in a state of ideological confusion and degradation. Materialism, terrorism, ignorance and intolerance has threatened the humanity, peace and religion. These circumstances demand special response from the learned men of religion. Objective is to draw your attention towards pressing issues which need urgent resolution. With little attention and effort we can make an endeavour to take the society out of this quagmire. Keep reading >>></span> </span><a href="http://goo.gl/xNolSV" target="_blank">http://goo.gl/xNolSV</a><span style="color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.870588); line-height: 19px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-86127529228480610192015-05-12T03:19:00.000-07:002015-12-20T06:58:51.058-08:00Eqbal Ahmed: Great Political Scientist, Writer, Journalist, and Anti-war Activist<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">“We are chasing an Islamic order ‘stripped of its humanism, aesthetics, intellectual quests and spiritual devotions…. concerned with power not with the soul, with the mobilization of people for political purposes rather than with sharing and alleviating their sufferings and aspirations.”[Eqbal Ahmad]</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>[Eqbal Ahmad was] perhaps the sharpest and most original anti-imperialist analyst of the post-war world, especially in the dynamics between the West and the post-colonial states of Asia and Africa. —<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" target="_blank">Edward Said</a></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/may/14/guardianobituaries1" target="_blank">Eqbal Ahmad</a> (1933–99) was a Pakistani political scientist, writer, journalist, and anti-war activist. He was strongly critical of the Middle East strategy of the United States as well as what he saw as the "twin curse" of nationalism and religious fanaticism in such countries as Pakistan. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He was born in the village of Irki in the Indian state of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_(India)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bihar (India)">Bihar</a>. When he was a young boy, his father was murdered over a land dispute in his presence. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, he and his older brothers migrated to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ahmad graduated from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forman_Christian_College" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Forman Christian College">Forman Christian College</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan, in 1951 with a degree in economics. After serving briefly as an army officer, he enrolled at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_College" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Occidental College">Occidental College</a> in California in 1957. From 1958 to 1960, he studied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political science</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_history" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle Eastern history">Middle Eastern history</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, later earning his PhD</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From 1960 to 1963, Ahmad lived in North Africa, working primarily in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, where he joined the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> and worked with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>. He was offered an opportunity to join the first independent Algerian government and refused in favour of life as an independent intellectual.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When he returned to the United States, Ahmad taught at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a> (1964–65) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in the school of Labour Relations (1965–68). During these years, he became known as one of the earliest and most vocal opponents of American policies in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. From 1968 to 1972, he was a fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute in Chicago.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1971, Ahmad was indicted as one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Seven" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Harrisburg Seven">Harrisburg Seven</a>, with the anti-war <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> priest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Berrigan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philip Berrigan">Philip Berrigan</a>, Berrigan's future wife, Sister Elizabeth McAlister, and four other Catholic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a>, on charges of conspiracy to kidnap <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>. After fifty-nine hours of deliberations, the jury declared a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistrial_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mistrial (law)">mistrial</a>, in 1972.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From 1972 to 1982, Ahmad was Senior Fellow at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Policy_Studies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute for Policy Studies">Institute for Policy Studies</a>. From 1973 to 1975, he served as the first director of its overseas affiliate, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_Institute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transnational Institute">Transnational Institute</a> in Amsterdam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1982, Ahmad joined the faculty at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_College" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hampshire College">Hampshire College</a>, a very progressive school, which was the first college in the nation to divest from South Africa, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst, Massachusetts</a>, where he taught world politics and political science.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the early 1990s, Ahmad was granted a parcel of land in Pakistan by Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>'s government to build an independent, alternative university, named Khaldunia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Upon his retirement from Hampshire in 1997, he settled permanently in Pakistan, where he continued to write a weekly column, for <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>, Pakistan's oldest English-language newspaper. Eqbal died in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in 1999 of heart failure following an operation for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ahmad was the founding chancellor of the then newly established <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_Institute_of_Pakistan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Textile Institute of Pakistan">Textile Institute of Pakistan</a>, a textile oriented science, design and business degree awarding institute. The institute actively claims to be driven by the very values Ahmad stood for and awards its most prestigious honour, the Dr. Eqbal Ahmed Achievement Award to one graduate unanimously deemed by the faculty as reflective of Ahmad's values at its annual convocation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since his death, a memorial lecture series has been established at Hampshire in his honour. Speakers have included <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">Ahmad was admired as "an intellectual unintimidated by power or authority", and collaborated with such left-wing journalists and activists as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zinn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abu-Lughod" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibrahim Abu-Lughod">Ibrahim Abu-Lughod</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Falk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Falk">Richard Falk</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander Cockburn">Alexander Cockburn</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a>. <span style="font-size: xx-small;">[</span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 28px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqbal_Ahmad" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqbal_Ahmad</a> ]</span></span><br />
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<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Dedicated to the memories of Dr. Eqbal Ahmad</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span></span></h1>
<img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/iqbal.gif" style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;" /><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">(1933-1999) </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;" />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/Barahmeint.html" style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">Dr. Eqbal Ahmad's Interview</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;" />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/edward_remembers_eqbal.html" style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">Edward Said remembers Eqbal Ahmad</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;" />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_democrat_remembered.html" style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">A Democrat Remembered</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br />
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/fea_eqbal.html" style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">Eqbal Ahmad - A writer with deep insight</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;" />
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_mazdak_man.html" style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">Here lies a man...</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br />
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/kofi_anan_eqbal.html" style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">Knowledge and civilisation</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"> </span><br />
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<h2 style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">
<b>International Topics</b></h2>
<br style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;" />
<table border="4" style="background-color: white;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eacol294.html">Russia's Tormented Soul</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eacoll3695.html">In Praise of Resistance</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/mexico.html">The Reconquest of Mexico</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/mextoo.html">The Message from Mexico</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/milhaus.html">Yet Again a New Nixon</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/little_man.html">After the little man in a hurry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/mideast_quiz.html">Charlie Reese's Mideast Quiz</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_lebanon.html">Lebanon's economic mystery</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_falling.html">Falling through the cracks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_aparthied.html">Born Again Aparthied</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_mideast_predicament.html">US MiddleEast Predicament</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_winter_bombs.html">Winter Bombs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/dynasty.html">Dynasty strikes back</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_change_statusquo.html">Change or Status quo</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_king_hussein.html">King Hussein's dual legacy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_hope_returns.html">Hope returns to Algeria</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_controversy_kosovo.html">Controversy over Kosovo</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_nato-failed.html">Why NATO has failed</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_nato_kosovo.html">NATO, Kosovo and Russia</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">
<b>Religion and Politics</b></h2>
<table border="4" style="background-color: white;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/imperial.html">Culture of Imperialism</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/whats_in_a_name.html">What's in a name</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_roots_religious.html">Roots of religious right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_religion_politics.html">Religion in politics</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_interview_islamist.html">An encounter with an Islamist</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_religious_right.html">Profile of the religious right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_world_pain.html">A World of pain</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">
<b>Pakistani Topics</b></h2>
<table border="4" style="background-color: white;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/razia.html">Razia Bhatti: A Tribute</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/terror.html">State and Its Terrorists</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/qau.html">Land Grab in Ivory Tower</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/edu_policy.html">Education Policy: A critique</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/kashmir.html">A Kashmiri Solution for Kashmir</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/continent.html">How a continent divided</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/politics_vision.html">Politics without vision</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/edu2.html">A limited agenda for education</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/violence_root.html">Roots of Voilence in Pakistan</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/feudal.html">Feudal culture and Violence</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/conflict.html">The Conflict within</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/tooth_claw.html">Red in tooth and claw</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/peace.html">The imperatives of peace</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/bjp_challenge.html">BJP's challenge to Pakistan</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_hawks.html">Hawks make strange bedfellows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/state.html">A state without statesmen</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/iqbal_nuclear.html">India's obsession, our choice</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/hangu.html">A message from Hangu</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_attack.html">Reason as Spectator</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_dialogue.html">No alternative to dialogue</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/mountain_die.html">When mountains die</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_atomic_gains.html">Atomic gains, nuclear loses</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_strategic_depth.html">What after "Strategic Depth"</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_refuge.html">Islam as refuge from failure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_holes_dug_deeper.html">Holes dug deeper</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_governer_challenge.html">Governer's Challenge</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_aladdin_lamp.html">Aladdin's useless lamp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_david.html">David takes on Goliath</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_democrats.html">Democrats against Democracy</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_shotgun.html">Shotgun Governance</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/eqbal_behind_bridges.html">Behind blown bridges</a></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=eqbal+ahmad+articles&newwindow=1&biw=1366&bih=583&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=6sdVVfbyO-GdygPVz4H4Bg&ved=0CAUQ_AUoAA&dpr=1" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">Related:</span></a></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/index_eqbal_ahmad.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20091026173627/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Library/9803/eqbal_ahmad/index_eqbal_ahmad.html</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://secularpakistan.wordpress.com/category/eqbal-ahmad/" target="_blank">https://secularpakistan.wordpress.com/category/eqbal-ahmad/</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.sangam.org/ANALYSIS/Ahmad.htm" target="_blank">http://www.sangam.org/ANALYSIS/Ahmad.htm</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.dawn.com/news/627662/remembering-dr-eqbal-ahmad" target="_blank">http://www.dawn.com/news/627662/remembering-dr-eqbal-ahmad</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/may/14/guardianobituaries1" target="_blank">http://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/may/14/guardianobituaries1</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Eqbal Ahmed Papers:<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/hampshire/mah7.html" target="_blank"> https://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/hampshire/mah7.html</a></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=eqbal+ahmad+articles&newwindow=1&biw=1366&bih=583&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=6sdVVfbyO-GdygPVz4H4Bg&ved=0CAUQ_AUoAA&dpr=1#q=eqbal+ahmad+articles&newwindow=1&tbm=vid" target="_blank">Videos:</a></span></b> </div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEtRVM8LY6Q" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Hampshire College • Eqbal Ahmad Lecture • Noam ...</span></a></h3>
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<a data-ved="0CDkQuAIwBg" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEtRVM8LY6Q" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="_ygd" style="position: absolute; top: -11px;"><img alt="Video for eqbal ahmad articles" border="0" height="87" id="vidthumb7" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="116" /></span><span class="vdur _dwc" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.701961); 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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Noam Chomsky spoke to an overflow audience at the annual <span style="font-weight: bold;">Eqbal Ahmad</span> Lecture at Hampshire College on ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXt1s38SzpA" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Eqbal Ahmad - Terrorism Ours vs. Theirs - October 12, 1998 ...</span></a></h3>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Eqbal Ahmad</span> spoke at CU Boulder, Colorado on October 12, 1998 (just 7 months before his death). He talked ...</span></div>
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" /></h2>
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">The desire for religious reconstruction and moral regeneration in the light of fundamental principles of Islam has, throughout their historical destiny, been deeply rooted among the Muslims -- radicals as well as traditionalists. Both the sections seem conscious of the fact that the only way for the Muslims of today, for an active and honorable participation in world affairs, is the reformation of positive lines of conduct suitable to contemporary needs in the light of social and moral guidance offered by Islam.</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
</h2>
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Islam and Modernism </span></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Table of Contents</span></span></h2>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Chapter-I/chapter-i.html"><span style="color: black;">Introduction</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Chapter-II/chapter-ii.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Muslim ideologues of the nineteenth century</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Chapter-III/chapter-iii.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Muslim ideologues of the twentieth century-I</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Chapter-IV/chapter-iv.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Muslim ideologues of the twentieth century-II</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Chapter-V/chapter-v.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Muslim ideologues of the twentieth century-III</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Chapter-VI/chapter-vi.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Conclusion</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Appendix-I/appendix-i.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Modernization and Islam by Dr. Ali Shariati</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Appendix-II/appendix-ii.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">Islam and politics in Islam</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/References/references.html" style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;">References</span></a></li>
</ol>
Source: <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Table_of_Contents/table_of_contents.html" target="_blank">http://www.ghazali.net/book4/Table_of_Contents/table_of_contents.html</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ol eid="B1hGVdzRAsrOaPregIgF" id="rso" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"></ol>
<h3 class="r" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: x-small;">Islamic Modernism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></a></h3>
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<div class="f kv _SWb" style="color: grey; height: 17px; line-height: 16px; white-space: nowrap;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><cite class="_Rm" style="color: #006621; font-style: normal;">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<b>Islamic</b>_<b>Modernism </b></cite></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
<span class="st" style="color: #545454; line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Islamic Modernism</span>, also known as Modernist Salafism, is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response" attempting to reconcile<wbr></wbr> .</span></span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><cite class="_Rm" style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">https://archive.org/details/<b>IslamAndModernism</b>ByMuftiTaqiUsmani</span></cite></span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-60869739684417465862015-04-15T13:17:00.000-07:002015-04-27T13:21:31.134-07:00IJTIHAD FOR SOCIAL CHANGE AND EARLY SUNNAH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">IJTIHAD FOR SOCIAL CHANGE AND EARLY SUNNAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">THE PROBLEM
BEFORE US</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">By </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Fazlur</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Rahman</span></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">WHEN new forces of massive magnitude—socio-economic,
cultural-moral or political—occur in or to a society, the fate of that society
naturally depends on how far it is able to meet the new challenges creatively.
If it can avoid the two extremes of panicking and recoiling upon itself and
seeking delusive shelters in the past on the one hand, and sacrificing or
compromising its very ideals on the other, and can react to the new forces with
self-confidence by necessary assimilation, absorption, rejection and other
forms of positive creativity, it will develop a new dimension for its inner
aspirations, a new meaning and scope for its ideals. Should it, however,
choose, by volition or force of circumstance, the second of the two extremes we
have just mentioned and succumb to the new forces, it will obviously undergo a
metamorphosis ; its being will no longer remain the same and, indeed, it may
even perish in the process of transformation and be <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page367"></a>swallowed
up by another sccio-cultural organism. But more surely fatal than this mistake
is the one we have mentioned as the first extreme. Should a society begin to
live in the past—however sweet its memories—and fail to face the realities of
the present squarely—however unpleasant they be, it must become a fossil; and
it is an unalterable law of God that fossils do not survive for long : "We
did them no injustice ; it is they who did injustice to themselves" (XI:
101 ; XVI : 33, etc.).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 110%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Roughly speaking, for about a century Muslim society has
been experiencing the onset, within its fabric, of tremendous forces let loose
by what is generally called "Modernity" whose source has lain in the
contemporary West. Certain conscious efforts have been made by Muslim thinkers
both in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent and in the Middle East, particularly
around the end of the last century, to meet the new challenges by creative
absorption, adjustment, etc. With the rise, however, of independent Muslim
states during the past two decades or so and their emancipation from the
foreign political domination, these influences of Modernity have naturally been
accelerated in pace and momentum. We say "naturally" because with the
all-too-justifiable desire for developing the potential resources on the part
of these countries natural and human—instruments of mass economic production
and movement, mass education, media of mass-communication, etc., are absolutely
inescapable. Muslim society has plunged itself into the Industrial Age—if it
did not do so, its fate would be sealed. But these vast and massive impacts
require a creative response of equal dimensions if our society is to progress
islamically. This<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page369"></a> calls for a relentless process of hard,
clear, systematic and synthetic thinking, which is not yet visible in the
Muslim World. By and large, and in effect, we are still suffering from
intellectual indolence and consequently, for all practical purposes, are
experiencing the two extreme attitudes born of this indolence, to which we have
just now pointed, viz.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 109%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(a)
a <i>laissez-faire</i> attitude towards the new forces which makes us simply
drift, and (b) an attitude of escape to the past which may seem emotionally
more satisfying immediately but which is, in fact, the more obviously fatal of
the two attitudes.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 110%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fortunately,
there are strong guiding lines for us in the early history of the Community
when the Qur'anic teaching and the Prophetic Sunnah (the ideal Legacy of the
Prophetic activity) were creatively elaborated and interpreted to meet the new
factors and impacts upon Muslim society into the "living Sunnah" of
the Community. In Chapters 1 and 2</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 110%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">We
have studied at some length the phenomenon of this developing, moving “living
Sunnah". This was not just an academic exercise motivated through sheer
historical curiosity: if it is historically true, then it is fraught with
meaning for us now, and, indeed, for ever. In the sequel, we shall illustrate
the development of this early "living Sunnah" with concrete examples,
endeavouring in each case to show the situational background—the forces that called
forth a certain measure—and by pointing
out the extent of the newness of the cases we
hope to bring out their true magnitude. These illustrations have three
objectives in view: (i) they strikingly
drive home the reality of the "living Sunnah";(ii)they are
intended as pointers for future
developments; (iii) they constitute a
humble suggestion to the 'Ulama' that if the study of early Hadith-materials is
carried through with constructive purposiveness under the canons of historical
criticism and in relation to the historico-sociological background, they take
on quite a new meaning. A Hadith, say, in al-Muwatta’ that 'Umar did so-and-so,
when read as mere Hadith, i.e., as an isolated report, remains a blank and
yields little; but when one fully comprehends the sociological forces that
brought the action about, it becomes meaningful for us now and assumes an
entirely new Dimension.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 109%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In
what sense does it become meaningful for us now? As a pointer to our future
development, as we said in (ii) above. It is of capital importance to realize,
however, that a pointer is, by its very nature, generally indicative rather
than specifically legislative. The "living Sunnah" of our early
forefathers, therefore, while it has lessons for us as a genuine and successful
interpretation of the Qur'an and the Prophetic activity for the early days of
the Community, is, in its flesh and blood, absolutely irrepeatable, for history
really never repeats itself so far as societies and their structures are
concerned. There is only one sense in which our early history is
repeatable—and, indeed, in that sense it must be repeated if we are to live as
progressive Muslims at all, viz., just as those generations met their own
situation adequately by freely interpreting the Qur'an and Sunnah of the
Prophet—by emphasizing the ideal and the principles and re-embodying them in a
fresh texture of their own contemporary history—we must perform the same feat
for ourselves, with our own effort, for our own contemporary history.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 110%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 6pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">IJTIHAD
IN SOCIAL CHANGE AND EARLY SUNNAH</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 6pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The following
examples have been chosen somewhat at random in the sense that many more
examples of the kind exist in books out of which only these happen to be given
here. But these are as good as any others in illustrating the points outlined
above and in establishing our thesis. In another sense, however, these examples
are not altogether the results of random choice but have been largely determined
by one major consideration which will become apparent to any careful reader.
This is the fact that most of the examples have been chosen from 'Umar's
legislation and decisions. The reason for this is not far to seek. It was in
the time of ‘Umar that, due to sudden and vast conquests, big sociological and
political problems arose in Madinah itself and in the conquered lands.
Sociologically speaking, perhaps the biggest problem was the presence of an
immense increase in the numbers of slaves and slave-girls or, rather, bondsmen
and bondswomen. The same element in the population, when gradually freed,
became so powerful that it contributed directly to the subsequent overthrow of
the Umayyad rule. While going through the Muwatta' of Malik one is impressed with
the social legislation of 'Umar, especially with regard to the slave problem,
and more especially with regard to the problem of the slave-girls. Secondly,
therefore, many of these examples happen to be drawn from the Muwatta'. </span></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">SOME ILLUSTRATIONS:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A—Law
of War</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(1) The practice of
the Prophet had been that if a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page375"></a>certain tribe did not
surrender peacefully but was reduced after armed conflict, its lands were
confiscated and distributed among the Muslim soldiers as part of the booty.
This was probably an old law of war. But the Muslims accepted it as the Sunnah
of the Prophet, as part of the mechanism of devastating the enemy and rewarding
the Muslim fighter and, indeed, this law remained operative in the early
small-scale conquests of the Muslims outside Arabia. When, however, Iraq
(Sawad) and Egypt were conquered and added to the Muslim territory in 'Umar's
time, he refused to distribute these massive territories among the Arab
soldiers and dispossess the original inhabitants. There was solid opposition
against 'Umar's stand even though he was not alone in holding this opinion but
several other men of eminence agreed with him. The opposition hardened so much
that a kind of crisis developed, but 'Umar remained firm and tried to argue his
case on the ground that if Arab soldiers became land-settlers they would cease
to be fighters, although his real considerations, as it subsequently turned
out, were based on a keen sense of socio economic justice. One day 'Umar came
upon the following verse of the Qur'an which, in a very general way, did
support his view and in broad terms embodied his unshakeable faith in justice :
" . . . And those who shall come after them shall say: O our Lord! Forgive
us and those of our brethren who have preceded us In Faith ........ Verily,
Thou art kind, benevolent" (LIX: 10). This verse most decisively shows
that he was motivated by fundamental considerations of socio-economic justice:
he refused to concede the distribution of one whole country after another among
the Muslim-Arab soldiery to the neglect of the world <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page377"></a>population
and future generations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 19.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">But this case reveals
certain features of paramount importance in connection with the interpretation
of the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah. The Prophet had undoubtedly confiscated
the territories that had fallen after a fight. This fact is historically so
clear and firm that it is this kind of unambiguous pronouncement or behaviour
that later legists term muhkam or mansus.The truth, however, is that this hard
and fast distinction between muhkam and mutashabih, between nass and non-nass
does not exist for the very early generations of Muslims.It is this type of
case that has led Joseph Schacht to assert repeatedly in his Origins of
Muhammedan Jurisprudence that in the early development of Fiqh the Qur'an is
"introduced invariably at a secondary stage" (e.g. p. 224). This is
an extraordinary statement to make. But it certainly points to something and
this something is that the early generations were not bound by what later came
to be called 'nass' or the letter of the text. This case of 'Umar is a striking
case of this kind. What 'Umar and those who agreed with him—and ultimately
everyone had to agree—felt most strongly was that the Prophet was acting within
a restricted milieu of tribes, that, therefore, you cannot carry on the same
practice where vast territories and whole peoples are involved; otherwise you
violate the very principles of justice for which the Prophet had been fighting
all his life. One thing is certain: that although 'Umar obviously departed
formally from the Sunnah of the Prophet on a major point, he did so in the
interest of implementing the essence of the Prophet's Sunnah. Indeed, there are
few men in history who have carried on the mission of the Prophet so
creatively, so<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page379"></a> effectively and so well. But these are the
choices and the decisions which every living society has to face almost
incessantly but particularly at times when massive new factors enter into it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">B—Criminal
Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 121%; margin: 0in 4pt 6pt 1pt; text-indent: 16.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 121%;">(2) It is well known that 'Umar suspended the Hadd
punishment for theft during a period of acute scarcity of food.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 2pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b>C—Social Legislation</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 111%; margin: 0in 2pt 6pt 1pt; text-indent: 16.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 111%;">(3) 'Umar ordered, "Whatever slave-girl gives birth
to a child from her master, can neither be sold by him nor given away as a gift
nor left as a part of his inheritance. She belongs to her master during his
lifetime (i.e. unless she is freed by him), but on his death will become
automatically free."2 We know that a "mother-of-the-child (umm.
al-walad)", as a slave-girl who bore a child was called since early
Islamic days, could be sold, given away as a gift and was, of course, on the
death of her master, inherited during the lifetime of the Prophet—although this
was an old custom of the Arabs, which the Prophet did not forbid because
apparently it did not constitute a big social problem. In one respect, however,
the slavegirl got a special concession in very early Islam— besides the overall
improvement that occurred through Qur'anic legislation and moral exhortation
with regard to slaves in general. This is that when she bore a child, she was
called "umm al-walad" and, as such, given special treatment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 1pt 6pt; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">Not until 'Umar's time, however, was a legislative measure
taken to ensure that the "mother-of-the-child" could neither be sold
nor given away as gift nor yet<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page381"></a> could she be retained as a
slave after the master was dead. At the latter's death, indeed, both she and her
offspring must enjoy equal freedom. What had happened since the Prophet's days
that a custom even backed by his own "silent" approval (<i>Sunnah
sukuttiyah</i>) had to be legislated against? Obviously, something<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 0.25pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 109%; margin: 0in 1pt 6pt 0in; text-indent: 2.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 109%;">vitally Islamic was at stake and on closer examination we
find that a big problem of social justice had been raised by certain new
factors in the society. The great influx of slaves and slave-girls raised many
problems. Especially acute was the problem of those slave-girls—whose number
was very large—that bore children. If these were bought and sold and given away
as gifts, what would be its effect on society? More especially, what would be
its effect on children, on their morale and morals? These were the
considerations that led 'Umar to put a ban on their sale and indeed, on their
slavery after the master's death. So far as the master's life is concerned,
since the woman has borne him children, he is assumed to show her great
consideration by an almost physical necessity, as it were. 'Umar, therefore, curtailed
the "rights" of slave-owning men and even went against a Sunnah in
order to keep the bases of the Sunnah alive, strong and progressively
prosperous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 2pt 6pt 0in; text-indent: 18.95pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">For the traditional students of the Hadith-i.e.
'Ulama',the above-quoted measure of 'Umar is merely a Hadith, i.e. a report
about a "saying of 'Umar". Since the genuinely historical reports are
not studied with an eye on the historico-sociological background which would
make them "live" before our own eyes, they are read as dead matter,
shorn of any meaning for us now. May we request our 'Ulama to study these
materials with the necessary and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page383"></a>relevant background ? We
feel certain that once this is done, the whole question of how the Qur'an and
the Sunnah are to be interpreted will take on, a new meaning for the
traditional students of the madrasah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 0.15pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 112%; margin: 0in 1pt 6pt; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 112%;">(3A) Malik holds3 that if a man-slave contracts with his
master to purchase his freedom on payment of instalments to his master but dies
before completing the instalments, then, if such a "contractual slave
(mukatab)" has left a "mother-of-the-child" and also children
who are too weak to complete the instalments left over by their father and thus
earn their own freedom as well as that of the "mother-of-the-child",
then the "mother-of-the-child" must be sold in order to purchase the
freedom for the children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 2pt; text-indent: 16.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">The really interesting feature of this comment of Malik
is that it is not brought into relation with 'Umar's order banning the sale of
the "mothers-of-children". Of course, the case Malik is discussing
may be different from those covered by 'Umar's order; but Malik does not even
mention 'Umar's order, discuss its relevance or otherwise to the case in point
and mark out the latter's differential, etc. This is, indeed, a most fundamental
and striking feature of our Fiqh, that its various parts and legal points and
enunciations do not actually tie up with one another to make it a real
well-knit system. That is why it has been aptly described as a "discussion
on a Muslim's duties" rather than a legal system in the strict sense.
Indeed, even a casual student cannot fail to notice this "atomicity"
of Fiqh—the, in effect, intellectually unrelated development of almost all of
its enunciations. Therefore, rather than being a system, it is a huge mass of
atoms, each atom being a kind of a system in itself. Broadly speaking,
therefore, Fiqh<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page385"></a> constitutes materials for a legal system
but is not a legal system itself. We do not, however, deny that Fiqh is endowed
with a suficiently definite character which marks it out from other legal
systems—this character being the result of its Islamicity—; what we deny is
that it is a logically connected, intellectually worked out, and, therefore, a
closely enough knit legal system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin: 0in 3pt 6pt 2pt; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">(4) Connected with (3) above is 'Umar's decision that if
a slave is grossly maltreated by his or her master, the state must intervene.
Malik reports that 'Umar ordered the freeing of a slave-girl who had been
tortured by her master.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 108%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 18.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 108%;">(5) 'Umar issued an order
with the following statement: "How about men who cohabit with their
slave-girls but then neglect them (and subsequently refuse to own children born
of these slave-girls on the pretext that they were never sure where these girls
had been visiting). For me it is sufficient ground that the master of a
slave-girl should admit having cohabited with her that I should declare the
child to be his. So either control your slave-girls or let them go." Just
consider the dimensions of the social evil arising from the non-recognition of
children by anyone as their father—either the ostensible father or the real
one. The problem, however, arose in the first place by the immense number of
slave-girls who probably could not even be controlled by their masters. We now
understand more fully the significance of (3) Above, viz.'Umar's measure to
declare slave-girls with children free and rehabilitate them in society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">D—Law
of Evidence<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">(6) A man came to 'Umar from Iraq and said:
"I<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page387"></a> have come to you for something which has neither
head nor tail (i.e. is as dificult to treat as a vicious circle)."
"What is it?" inquired 'Umar. The man said: "In. our country
(Iraq) false evidence has become rampant." "Is this really so?"
asked 'Umar and "yes" was the man's reply. Thereupon 'Umar said:
"By God, none shall be imprisoned under Islam except on the evidence of
unimpeachable witnesses."6 The law of evidence in Islam, of course, lays
down certain criteria of reliability of witnesses although these are rather
formal. But what is of importance here is that an important part of the
procedural law is being given a fresh meaning because of the new situational
context that had arisen. It may be objected that this report of Malik may not
be,able to stand the test of strict historical criticism for, to begin with, we
do not know who this "man" was that came from Iraq and complained to
'Umar. But our point about the fresh interpretation of laws and investing these
with new emphasis and even new meaning in the light of the changing
sociological situation remains perfectly valid whether or not the story itself
is true and, if true, whether it is true about 'Umar or about somebody else.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">(7) A slave who, under a
contract, was allowed by his master to purchase his freedom by instalments was
called a "mukatab (a slave contracted-for-freedom)". A man was
thought to be under no legal compulsion to allow his slave to purchase freedom
but this was undoubtedly encouraged by state policies. Actually, the words of
the Qur an, "And contract them (the Slaves) for freedom, if you think they
are any good" (XXIV: 33) hardly admit of any doubt as to the
uncompromising intention of the Qur'an to free slaves<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page389"></a> and
abolish slavery. But with the influx of a large number of slaves—under the war
ethics of those days — the- intention of the Qur'an could not be immediately
carried out and subsequently this became one of those major points on which the
Qur'anic ideals were thwarted by the Community at large. The words of the
Qur'an, "If you think they are any good" are not a restriction on
freeing of slaves. All that they mean is that if a slave cannot earn to
purchase his freedom then he cannot be expected to stand on his own feet, when
set free and even when set free; he will be a slave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 17.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">Once, however, a slave had
contracted for freedom, the question arose whether a slave, on showing good
cause, could pay all his instalments at once—if he could earn so much and hence
offered to do so—and free himself without going through the entire period of
the instalments. Malik says: "Furafisah [Porphyrius (?) —apparently a
Graeco-Syrian name] Ibn 'Umayr, the Hanaite (this has no reference to the
famous school of Islamic law but to a tribe) had a mukatab who proposed to the
former that he accept from the latter all the sums of the mukatabah-contract at
once (because the slave had grounds for getting freedom early). Furafisah
refused the offer. The mukatab came to the Umawi Marwan, then governor of Madinah,
and petitioned to him. Marwan called Furafisah and asked him to accept the
offer but the latter refused again. Marwan then ordered that the contract money
should be taken from the slave and put in the public treasury, while to the
slave he said: 'Go! You are a free man.' When Furafisah saw this, he took the
money."7 Commenting upon this Malik says: "Therefore, our established
practice (al-amr; we have<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page391"></a> pointed out before, however, that
Malik uses the terms 'al-amr’, 'al-'amal’, 'al-sunnah', and 'al-amr al-mujtama'
'alayhi' as equivalent terms for the practice or Sunnah at Madinah) is that
when his special circumstances enable a mukatab to pay up all his dues, even
before they are due, it is permitted to him to do so and his master may not
refuse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 16.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">We have cited this case in
order to make two points. First, along with the previously cited examples, it
brings out clearly the measure's that were taken by the state-authorities to
enfranchize the slaves. Secondly, this illustration forces vividly upon our
attention the fact, oft-repeated previously, that Sunnah, i.e., the living
practice of the Community, is not just the work of the Prophet as the
post-Shafi Fiqh-doctrine claims, but is the result of the progressive
thought—and decision-making activity of the Muslims. Here Marwan Ibn al-Hakam's
decision is part of the practice or Sunnah according to Malik. Exactly the same
is true of the concept of Sunnah in al-Awza'i, the younger contemporary of
Malik in Syria. The 'Iraqi school started with the same living tradition but
gradually exhibited greater freedom in legal ratiocination and depended less on
actual decisions taken in the past. About the middle of the second century,
however, this free thought began more and more to take the form of traditions
(Hadith). But the 'Iraqi Hadtth is, at bottom, no less regional than the
Medinese Sunnah or the "practice" of al-Awza'i.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">GENERAL CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">The illustrations given above—and a host of other<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page393"></a> examples many of which
we have not given and some of which we have provided in the previous chapters —
demonstrate beyond any shadow of doubt that our earliest generations looked
upon the teaching of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet not as
something static but essentially as something that moves through different
social forms and moves creatively. Islam is the name of certain norms and
ideals which are to be progressively realized through different social
phenomena and set-ups. Indeed, Islam, understood properly, ever seeks new and
fresh forms for self-realization and finds these forms. Social institutions are
one of the most important sectors of the Islamic acivity and expression. Social
institutions, therefore, must become proper vehicles for the carriage and
dispensation of Islamic values—of social justice and creativity, etc. This is
the clear lesson that we learn from the early development of the Sunnah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 17.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">We do not wish to be
misunderstood. We especially and carefully reject that vagrant attitude of
empty liberalism or negative spiritualism that seeks to drive a wedge between
the form and the essence and says that what matters is the essence and that the
form is at best its cumbersome companion. We say that the form and the essence
are coevals, inter-dependent and each necessary and desirable. But we know that
even forms have a way of changing and yet remaining the same. What is injurious
to a living faith and a living society is not forms but formalism. 'Umar
changed the form of the Prophet's Sunnah of War in certain fundamental aspects
and yet that very Prophet's Sunnah was all the more prosperous because of this
change. The Muslims, indeed, changed the<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page395"></a> Qur'anic law of
evidence and, instead of insisting on two witnesses, began deciding cases on
the basis of one witness and an oath. They knew that what the Qur'an was after
was to establish justice and not two witnesses. If now we can have a recorded
self-confession (provided its authenticity is otherwise established beyond
doubt) may we not even dispense with conventional modes of evidence in a given
case?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">But these examples are vital
and potent enough to raise other and much bigger issues to which we must give
constructive and decisive replies. In the world, as it stands constituted
today, is it or is it not among our paramount duties to create the best moral
and material conditions for the coming generations? If it is, can we honestly
allow the reckless multiplication of population whom we can neither properly
nourish nor educate? Does it make good Islamic sense? And if it is the
absolutely inalienable 'right' of a Muslim to procreate in season and out of
season, can we accept the alternate but desperate course of strict
regimentation of labour? The first course is easier, but if not adopted today,
tomorrow the choice will no longer be ours and the other alternative will
simply impose itself upon us. Again, if we adopt the first course, how much
rising of the standard of living do we want before relaxing controls, is
another question. But all these are problems that must be answered now; and
they must be answered from the depths of the Islamic conscience, not from
mimicry of the past. If the right and successful answer emerges now from the
Islamic conscience, therein shall live the Sunnah of the Prophet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<b style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: x-small;">[<a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/12798195/FreeBooks/FazlurRahman/IslamicMethodHistory.pdf" target="_blank">Extract from Book "ISLAMIC METHODOLOGY IN HISTORY BY FAZLUR RAHMA</a><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/12798195/FreeBooks/FazlurRahman/IslamicMethodHistory.htm" target="_blank"> <<Htm>> </a> ]</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 110%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<b style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-89815954071213795762015-04-14T13:13:00.000-07:002015-04-27T13:22:11.583-07:00POST-FORMATIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN ISLAM - By Fazlur Rahman<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>POST-FORMATIVE
DEVELOPMENTS IN ISLAM</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Extremism to Pacifism </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It took time, however, for the absolutely pacifistic
attitudes to harden.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the time of the downfall of the Umayyad and the
establishment of the 'Abbasids, the state of affairs was naturally still very
liquid. Ibn al-Muqafa' (second quarter of the second century) complains that
Muslims largely suffer from political extremism, one party contending that the
political authority must be upset if it disobeys God or, rather, if it seeks to
implement what constitutes disobedience to God, while the other party contends
that the political authority must be placed by definition, as it were, beyond
criticism, Ibn al-Muqafa' roundly dismisses the second group. With the first
group he agrees that:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>"there is no obedience (to the ruler) in disobedience
of God,</b>" but he pointedly asks, if anybody is to be obeyed in
righteousness, including the political authority, and if everybody is to be
disobeyed, including the political authority, in what is deemed to be not
righteousness, then what is the difference between the. Political authority and
non-authority? How can, therefore, any political authority, worthy of the name,
survive ? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ibn al-Muqafa', therefore, suggests that while the dictum
itself is correct, it is used as a camouflage for sedition and rebellion and,
further, that whatever any particular group thinks to be the correct
interpretation of the obedience or disobedience to God, it seeks to impose it
on others by attempting to seize the political machinery.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is to be remarked that Ibn al-Muqafa', while stating the
view of both political extremes, does not refer to any Hadith or even alleged
Hadith, either on the side of rebellions or absolute pacifism. And, indeed, no
such Hadith is contained either in the Muwatta of Malik or the Athar of Abu
Yusuf two eminent men of the second century. Ibn al-Muqafa certainly assumes
that the state stands under the moral norms of Islam, but he insists that, in
judging whether a particular state is so conforming or not, all contending
groups must exercise that robust, healthy and constructive common sense which
Islam did so much to inculcate and that, above all, the integrity of the
Community and the stability of the state must never be lost sight of. We do not
deny that pacifist Hadith was there: indeed, our analysis of the political
Hadith <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">in the</span> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">last chapter</span></span> has clearly
shown that this Hadith was proved by Kharijism. What we are saying is that
neither Ibn al-Muqafa' nor Malik nor yet Abu Yusuf makes any reference to such
Hadith.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But the collectors of Hadith during the third Century
zealously collected pacifist Hadith and, at the political level, pacifism
henceforward is permanently erected into the dogmatic structure of Islam. <u>A
Muslim, from now on, does not possess the right of political resistance—that is
to say, not only actually, but even
formally and theoretically</u>. Many students of Muslim political history and
theory—both Westerners and Muslim Modernists—have postulated an increasing
influence on Islam of old Iranian ideas of kingship, where kings were regarded
as sacred and inviolate. This story does not seem true. It is true that the
political authority was vested with a quasi-inviolate character and later also <u>expressions
like "the shadow of God" are used, even by the orthodox—e.g., by Ibn
Taymiyah</u>. But when the orthodoxy
contends that "even an unjust ruler ought to be obeyed" and that:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
"the Sultan is the shadow of
God," we get the apparently strange result that "even an unjust ruler
is the shadow of God". </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since by no stretch of imagination can this extreme
construction be literally attributed to orthodoxy—least of all to a man like
Ibn Taymiyah, the only meaning we can attach to the phrase "shadow of
God" is that of a rallying point and a guarantee for security. And when we
look at the earlier insistence of the orthodoxy, couched in Hadith form, to keep to the majority of the Muslims and
their political authority," the meaning becomes absolutely clear. No
metaphysical implications, therefore, of the Old Iranian or other equivalent
doctrine of ruler ship may be read into this dictum.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, a closer reflection will reveal that a total
conformism and pacifism, no matter through what noble purpose motivated, is
completely self-defeating, for it inculcates political passivity and
indifference and, subsequently, a fatal sense of suspicion against the
government. And this is exactly what happened in Islam. If the maintenance of
the solidarity of the Community was an overall objective.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-11320055428956483152015-04-09T08:45:00.000-07:002017-12-12T02:55:28.947-08:00Muslims & Arab Unity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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" 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.<b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/12798195/FreeBooks/ArabUnity.htm" target="_blank">ARAB UNITY REVISITED</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nationalism versus Common Cause<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ashley Heacock<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The George Washington University,
2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Economics and International Affairs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Concentrations in the Middle East and
International Economics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thesis
Advisor: Dr. Paul Hoyt-O’Connor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Source: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/">https://www.academia.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Free Books: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl/">http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl</a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/12798195/FreeBooks/ArabUnity.htm" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: #3d85c6;">Arab unity</span></a> is by no means a new
idea, and strides towards greater cooperation have taken place throughout the
history of the modern Middle East. From Pan Arabism, to Nasserism, to Islamism,
no recent decade has ever gone without its own widespread notion of a single,
collective community existing in the Middle East. After years of dialogue
supporting the concept of Arab unity, however, what do Arab states have to show
for it? The emergency Arab summit hosted by Qatar in March of 2009 after the
Israeli siege on Gaza—which killed approximately 1,300 Palestinians, including
more than 500 women and children<sup>1</sup>—displayed Arab disunity,
disagreement, and disillusionment at their best. New alliances formed, with
Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) on one
side and Qatar, Syria, and Hamas on the other.<sup>2</sup> Rather than joining
together for a common cause that seemed so straightforward and nondivisive, the
Arab states underscored their fluctuating rivalries and longstanding
disagreements.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmnsF-OVUxXUIpbEtSnHGWyBj0BesWHtRHXuZLZ-nDwF4yn_wGPajoX9G5rm00twI2STog8KK-2D2QmdWfgz3ODYR_592zb_TVvQ5Kx2I4YBzXd6FOn6_vecpIt4rKWh3I0hRb2xcmG84/s1600/OttomonsEmpr-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmnsF-OVUxXUIpbEtSnHGWyBj0BesWHtRHXuZLZ-nDwF4yn_wGPajoX9G5rm00twI2STog8KK-2D2QmdWfgz3ODYR_592zb_TVvQ5Kx2I4YBzXd6FOn6_vecpIt4rKWh3I0hRb2xcmG84/s1600/OttomonsEmpr-1.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Ottomon Empire</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1780161731081449516" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meanwhile, the region faces numerous challenges:
Palestinians remain hostage to a repressive occupation, the state of Iraq sits
somewhere between a police state and civil war, water shortages face many
countries of the Middle East, a military—and possibly nuclear— standoff exists
between Israel and Iran, economic hardship pervades much of the region while
populations grow at alarming rates, and Islamic extremism threatens the entire
region as well as the whole world. These foreboding factors have the ability to
cause immense strife and conflict in the region if not confronted using all the
resources and ingenuity of the collective Arab states. Moreover, if Arab states
use these complex issues to place blame and acquire power rather than assist
weaker neighbors and develop the region, hardship and violence may well
prevail.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If history is to be our guide, what can countries of
the Middle East learn from past crises to help them in the future? What causes
Arab states to unite or disunite, and has “Arab unity” ever existed? If a
collective will is necessary to solve the problems of the future, what does the
past foretell: a grim or hopeful picture?</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In order to answer these questions, I will attempt
to understand how relationships between Arab states came to be and what forces
impacted their actions and beliefs. I will look at three significant events in
recent Middle East history and analyze why Arab unity failed or triumphed, then
compare the three events and determine what factors had the greatest influence
on Arab relations and actions. The countries I will analyze are: Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Syria because they have made up the core
Arab countries in the past century. There is no guideline for what makes up the
entire Arab nation, and it has varied across time, therefore, by limiting this
paper to the six primary countries mentioned, the analysis should not be
greatly distorted.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The events I will discuss are: the 1948 Arab-Israeli
War, the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and Oil Embargo, and the 1991 Gulf War. I chose
these three occurrences since they all took place on an international level and
are not specific to any country. They also are spread out over time, allowing
me the opportunity to track changes in notions of Arab unity. Furthermore, they
are all unique in different ways, making for a well rounded analysis. For
example, the 1948 War was the first true test of Arab unity and ended in dire
failure; the 1973 War and Oil Embargo on the other hand displayed a substantial
level of Arab cooperation; and the 1991 Gulf War actually took place between
Arab states and involved foreign intervention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page7"></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As I progress throughout this
paper, I will define Arab unity as: <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Arab
states coming together for an agree upon cause, each giving of
their resource and support for the common cause, all staying united to realize cause’s fruitation
and maintaining relations after the
cause has ceased.”</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Each of the events I have chosen to focus on
presents different causes, or goals, that states sought to achieve. Not always
were the goals the same and sometimes they were contradictory. Other times,
states did not give of their strength or wealth, or they did not stay on a set,
common path. State relationships also fell apart at times after the cause was
irrelevant and hostile feelings remained. Throughout this paper, therefore, I
will refer back to the definition of Arab unity and pin point when it was that
Arab states fit the description and came together, and when it was that they
fell apart, meanwhile noting the reasons for such fluctuations.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I will begin my paper by explaining the origins of
Arab unity. To the great surprise of many, the concept is a 20<sup>th</sup>
century phenomenon and took decades of conditioning to take hold within the
minds of Middle East residents. Following the brief history of Arab unity, I
will transition to analyzing the three events I chose for this case study,
starting first with the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and then continuing in chronological order. For each event, I will not discuss the wars themselves, but rather
Arab state decisions and actions. I will look at all six countries
individually, paying attention to motivations and interests, fears and desires.
I will also apply the definition of Arab unity to each event separately and see
which parts hold true. The last section of this paper will make comprehensive
observations, picking out important factors that led to Arab disunity, and
making general predictions about the future. In this paper, I argue that the
only way for Arab unity to be present in the future is for a common cause to be
held by all Arab states that is neither contradictory nor dissimilar, and that
they all feel is in their best interest to pursue.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The concept of holding an Arab identity came about
in the mid-late 1800s, when prevailing loyalties were to the Ottoman Empire,
Islam, or local tribes (see Map 1 in Appendix). An Arabic literary revival
centered around Lebanon, along with a growing demand by Muslim elites for
greater autonomy in Arabic speaking provinces (because spoils of the Ottoman
Empire were not reaching them) helped establish a never be fore known notion of
Arab nationalism. Christians in Lebanon were highly influenced by European
trends and worked to establish Arabic as a language that could be used
extensively for learning, plays, novels, and media like it never had been used
before. Furthermore, the Muslim elites asserted that only Arabs could bring</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">back the glorious days of past empires due to their
keen understanding of the language of God<sup>3</sup> and organized their
supporters in Damascus. This initial awakening did not produce revolutionary
effects, but it did plant an awareness among the public of their shared
language. It also questioned the legitimacy of Ottoman rule.<sup>4</sup></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When Turkification and Zionism appeared, Arabism
became even more tangible. Turkification came about from an increasing desire
by Turkish speaking Muslims to emulate Western nationalism and reaffirm their
“Turanian” ancient civilization. This movement, however, came at the expense of
other languages in the Empire, notably Arabic, and also helped to further
showcase divisions. Zionist settlers in Palestine also shook up the region, as
an influx of Jewish refugees threatened to displace Arab populations.
Nevertheless, popular opinion throughout the Middle East in the early to
mid1900 s still supported being part of the Ottoman Empire and had “no vision
of a postOttoman order.” Only a minority at this point desired. decentralization
or complete autonomy from Ottoman rule. </span><a href="https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/12798195/FreeBooks/ArabUnity.htm" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;" target="_blank">Keep reading >>>>>>></a><br />
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/" style="font-size: 21.3333339691162px; line-height: 24.5333347320557px; text-align: -webkit-center;">https://www.academia.edu</a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The tragedy of the Arabs: </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A civilisation that used to lead the world is in ruins and only the locals can rebuild it.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A THOUSAND years ago, the great cities of Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo took turns to race ahead of the Western world. Islam and innovation were twins. The various Arab caliphates were dynamic superpowers—beacons of learning, tolerance and trade. Yet today the Arabs are in a wretched state. Even as Asia, Latin America and Africa advance, the Middle East is held back by despotism and convulsed by war.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hopes soared three years ago, when a wave of unrest across the region led to the overthrow of four dictators—in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen—and to a clamour for change elsewhere, notably in Syria. But the Arab spring’s fruit has rotted into renewed autocracy and war. Both engender misery and fanaticism that today threaten the wider world. Keep reading >>>> <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21606284-civilisation-used-lead-world-ruinsand-only-locals-can-rebuild-it" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21606284-civilisation-used-lead-world-ruinsand-only-locals-can-rebuild-it</span></a></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Arab Unity and World Peace</b>: <a href="https://www.mathaba.net/info/unity.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">https://www.mathaba.net/info/unity.htm</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>10 Things You Can Do To Develop A Culture Of Muslim Unity</b>: <a href="http://www.soundvision.com/info/muslims/10thingsforunity.asp" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://www.soundvision.com/info/muslims/10thingsforunity.asp</span></a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Arabs unite against Zionist threat:</b> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://gulfnews.com/opinion/thinkers/arabs-unite-against-zionist-threat-1.711287" target="_blank">http://gulfnews.com/opinion/thinkers/arabs-unite-against-zionist-threat-1.711287</a></span></li>
</ul>
<b style="text-align: left;"></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: red;">Muslim Unity:</span></b></b></div>
<b style="text-align: left;">
</b>
<br />
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/aftab-khan/muslim-ummah-unity/10152854312382572" target="_blank">https://www.facebook.com/notes/aftab-khan/muslim-ummah-unity/10152854312382572</a></span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>The History of Islamic Unity:</b> <a href="http://www.thepenmagazine.net/the-history-of-islamic-unity" target="_blank">http://www.thepenmagazine.net/the-history-of-islamic-unity</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Why a Turkish Islamic Union? </b><a href="http://m.harunyahya.com/tr/works/2676/A-Call-For-A-Turkish-Islamic-Union/chapter/183/Why-a-Turkish-Islamic-Union" target="_blank">http://m.harunyahya.com/tr/works/2676/A-Call-For-A-Turkish-Islamic-Union/chapter/183/Why-a-Turkish-Islamic-Union</a></li>
</ul>
<span style="text-align: left;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><b>Sources:</b></span></div>
<span style="text-align: left;">
</span>
<br />
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">From Oded Yinon’s “A Strategy for Israel in the Nineteen Eighties” Published by the Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Inc. Belmont, Massachusetts, 1982. http://www.globalresearch.ca</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://mycatbirdseat.com/2014/07/the-unfolding-of-yinons-zionist-plan-for-the-middle-east-the-crisis-in-iraq-and-the-centrality-of-the-national-interest-of-israel/" target="_blank">http://mycatbirdseat.com/2014/07/the-unfolding-of-yinons-zionist-plan-for-the-middle-east-the-crisis-in-iraq-and-the-centrality-of-the-national-interest-of-israel/</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Bernard Lewis Plan to Carve up Middle East and Muslim World: <a href="http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl/Bernard-Lewis-and-Oded-Yinon-Plans-for-Middle-East-Division.htm" target="_blank">http://aftabkhan-net.page.tl/Bernard-Lewis-and-Oded-Yinon-Plans-for-Middle-East-Division.htm</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Why was Israel able to defeat its enemies in the wars of 1948-49, 1956, and 1967? <a href="http://beta.tutor2u.net/history/blog/why-was-israel-able-to-defeat-its-enemies-in-the-wars-of-1948-49-1956-and-1" target="_blank">http://beta.tutor2u.net/history/blog/why-was-israel-able-to-defeat-its-enemies-in-the-wars-of-1948-49-1956-and-1</a></li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Arabs & Muslims Unity: <a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html" target="_blank">http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html</a></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Read more:</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/02/religion-cause-wars.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">RELIGION CAUSE WARS?</a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/caliphate-redundant-or-relevant.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Caliphate: Redundant or Relevant? </a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/sectarianism.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Sectarianism</a><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/10/terrorism-islam-and-jihad.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jihad, Extremism</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">·</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/jihad-myth-teality.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Jihad: Myth & Reality</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/takfir-doctrine-of-terror.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Takfir- Docrine of Terror</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/terrorism-rejected-in-islam-religious.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Islamic Decree [Fatwa] Against Terrorism</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/tolerance-in-islam.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Tolerance</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/rebellion-by-khawarij-taliban-shariah.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Rebellion by Khawarij Taliban & Shari’ah in Pakistan </a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Rebuttal to Anti-Islam</a> <a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/anti-islam-faqs.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">FAQ</a>s</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2014/06/role-of-ulema-islamic-scholars-in.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Islamic Scholars in modern age </i>علماء اور دور جدید</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Power Politics, Conspiracies; Threat to World Peace: </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol";">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://islam4humanite.blogspot.com//2011/08/children-of-israel-ishmael-peace.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Children of Israel, Ishmael & Peace?">DialogueChildren of Israel, Ishmael & Peace?</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://islam4humanite.blogspot.com/2011/08/jews-and-muslims-different-creed.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Are Jews & Muslims different Creed?">Are Jews &Muslims different Creed?</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/zionism-bible-quran.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Zionism, Bible & Quran">Zionism, Bible & Quran</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/thirteenth-tribe-by-arthur-koestler.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="The Thirteenth Tribe">The Thirteenth Tribe</a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-protocols-of-elders-of-zion.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The Protocols of the elders of Zion</a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol";">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #660000;"><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/pawn-in-game.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pawns in the Game</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #660000; font-size: x-small;">. <a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html" style="color: #660000; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Arab Unity</a></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://harunyahya.com/en/Short-videos---Dont-miss/194249/the-middle-east-needs-love" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">The Middle East needs love and unity more than ever</span></a></h3>
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<a href="http://harunyahya.com/en/Short-videos---Dont-miss/194249/the-middle-east-needs-love" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="_ygd" style="position: absolute; top: -11px;"><img alt="Video for muslim unity in the world is prevented by" border="0" height="87" id="vidthumb16" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBwgHBgkIBwgKCgkLDQwPDQwNDRsMDhAVIB0iIiAdHx8kHSgiJCYxGx8fITEhJSkrLi4uIx8zODMsNygtLiwBCgoKDg0OGhAQGiwlHBwsLCssLCwuLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLC8sLC0sLCwsLCwsNywyLCwsKys3KzcrKysrN//AABEIAC0APAMBEQACEQEDEQH/xAAaAAADAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAEBQYDAgEH/8QAMBAAAgEDBAADBgUFAAAAAAAAAQIDAAQRBRIhMUFRcRMUMmGRwSJCgaHxM4KS0fD/xAAZAQADAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAwQAAQX/xAAfEQADAAEEAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBBESIRMxQRT/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/APjFpExdSuM5pWStkUY8Y4t7KTawBUq3fFR1lRYsYdFpTyKqBkwDkcGlPOg1iD7XRp3kVw6DZwufHFIrUpDVp2app0qu/wAJdgwIINB50F4DB9Fk9mykrhj4g5o1qkLrTsUX2lyKNp2nb1gVXjzpiMmJiWe0kEpBFWTkWxI8fYz0y3UMpK5bPVS5rLMclHZWzYOY2Pw8AfevPuiuUGCIxqFK7V6HmaTy3GpDnTRGEVDksA3Xef4qXKNTCZ4oVXLk528kDOD9qBUw2cbFaNndcHv1rNsySE2t2yoDsIyfEiq9Pke5NlglLmILMwJGR8q9Sa6InPZ1Y3Hu6q+wMxOAG6rXO4PlSGsGq36jcJV2j8ns12fTFTvFLN56KTToxqqhoHVWDbMONmTgEns8c+ZNTVga9IrjOn9GNna3bxxvsj9my5H58j9PWkvTN/Bv6EvpqltNuKfiJ7K7s9bgOf7D+3nQ3prR39MN+jddMDkrv2svBBJ4Pf3FDOnth1qIS9CbWrQRxIWYbH+HAPPAPj6imqOLF8+SIy8hT3hvi+lehFPYiqexfo1uJ76KJnyp5JBzVWV9EkyWFokIuEt/Zjaeg3GQPPj0ry7deyqdgy/gtNFvlkntjNFKMqgOMH/sV3Dk5/Dty5+nVpqmnzTBfdASybQCxHOSSes9cUy2p+BY06+jL3mIylIbKN3dvg3gHw8x3/ulRwv2Hl5x9NikisntNPjIYKAC4UDALE/4Y+hpnjiRfkul7FWvkW8EbizSHc0q8OCTwhx+mf3rtStzY6exC3dwxuHOfGqZjoGq7Fei3wtb2OQ9A4PpVmbHuiOLLvT9V08yC4kb8SheMZ48ftXk5MDK5yIE1rWk1C/Vo/6UY2r8/nRY8DlG8u5gsse0beG7BrcezcjRJgNzO5Leeea5xM2evrUsEZRWDAbsM3fNd8W5lewvvdf3wsjhTkLyeSMeXlVGPAwayonLi/DTMQOKtnF0IeUWoxUjFUNbkqYwt7ucKUEjBSMEZ7pFQhqphcUzUrig0GR3D544pPFbhpnrXLDPGfU0PBHeTBLq4fFOiULpiq4lYk1VEoU2DU7YWz//2Q==" width="116" /></span><span class="vdur _dwc" style="background-color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.701961); bottom: 0px; color: white; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; padding: 1px 3px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: right;">▶</span></a></div>
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<cite class="_Rm" style="color: #006621; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal;">harunyahya.com/en/.../the-middle-east-needs-love</cite></div>
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Nov 23, 2014</div>
<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">The Middle East needs love and unity more than<span style="font-weight: bold;">ever</span> watch video, Adnan ... This bloodshed will not cease ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njf9NQafQxk" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Muslim Ummah in the Modern World | Unity | Islamic ...</span></a></h3>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njf9NQafQxk" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="_ygd" style="position: absolute; top: -11px;"><img alt="Video for muslim unity in the world is prevented by" border="0" height="87" id="vidthumb2" 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" width="116" /></span><span class="vdur _dwc" style="background-color: rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.701961); bottom: 0px; color: white; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; padding: 1px 3px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: right;">▶ 13:59</span></a></div>
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<cite class="_Rm" style="color: #006621; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal;">www.youtube.com/watch?v=njf9NQafQxk</cite></div>
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Nov 3, 2014 - Uploaded by Islamic Reminder</div>
<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Muslim</span> Ummah in the Modern <span style="font-weight: bold;">World</span> | <span style="font-weight: bold;">Unity</span> |<span style="font-weight: bold;">Islamic</span> Reminders. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Islamic</span> .... The Prophet said, "By ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjBKzyBRBgg" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Iran Today - Unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims in Iran ...</a></h3>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjBKzyBRBgg" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span class="_ygd" style="position: absolute; top: -11px;"><img alt="Video for muslim unity in the world is prevented by" border="0" height="87" id="vidthumb30" 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" 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Jan 7, 2015 - Uploaded by PressTV News Videos</div>
<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Iran Today - <span style="font-weight: bold;">Unity</span> between Sunni and Shia<span style="font-weight: bold;">Muslims</span> in Iran (P.1) ... in contrast to the<span style="font-weight: bold;">Muslim World</span>, has ...</span></div>
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What is Zionism? Zionism is a movement founded by Theodor Herzl in 1896 whose goal is the return of Jews to Eretz Yisrael, or Zion, the Jewish synonym for Jerusalem and the Land of Israel. The name of “Zionism” comes from... <a href="http://salaamone.com/zionism-contrary-to-torah-teachings-american-rabbi/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Zionism contrary to Torah teachings: Torah Jews, Rabbi">[Continue reading...]</a>
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<strong style="font-size: 18pt;"><a data-blogger-escaped-target="_blank" href="http://peace-forum.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-contradiction-at-heart-of-christian.html">The Contradiction at the heart of Christian Zionism</a></strong>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "raleway";"><a data-blogger-escaped-target="_blank" href="http://peace-forum.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-contradiction-at-heart-of-christian.html">http://peace-forum.blogspot.com/2015/09/the-contradiction-at-heart-of-christian.html</a></span>
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<span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong> <a data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large; white-space: pre-wrap;" href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/thirteenth-tribe-by-arthur-koestler.html">The Thirteenth Tribe</a></strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><a data-blogger-escaped-style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-large; white-space: pre-wrap;" href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-protocols-of-elders-of-zion.html">The Protocols of the elders of Zion</a></span></strong></div>
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The Thirteenth Tribe is a book that attempts to explain the origins of Eastern Europe's Jewish population,largely decimated by the Nazi onslaught during the Second World War. Koestler shows through extensive research, how a trading empire was set up by a tribe we know as the Khazars between the expanding power blocs of Christianity and Islam; how the people were converted to Judaism by their king as a way of standing apart from both, and how the people and their wealth were dispersed through the countries of Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Khazar Empire. It is a controversial history; because it challenges both the assumptions of Nazi philosophy and Zionism that the European Jews were racially different from the populations of the countries in which they later settled. Koestler, as a Hungarian Jew himself, was particularly interested in the major part the Khazars played in the founding of the Hungarian nation; a fact which later led to the tragedy of 1944, when the Nazis exterminated over half-a -million Hungarian Jews, who were virtually indistinguishable from their Christian neighbours. <strong><a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/06/thirteenth-tribe-by-arthur-koestler.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Keep reading >>>></a></strong></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span">The <i>Protocols</i> purports to document the minutes of a late 19th-century meeting of Jewish leaders discussing their goal of global Jewish hegemony. Their proposals to engender such include subverting the morals of the Gentile world, controlling the world's economies, and controlling the press. The <i>Protocols</i> is still widely available today on the Internet and in print in numerous languages. </span><span class="Apple-style-span">The document reveals through the mouths of the Jewish leaders a variety of plans. For example, the <i>Protocols</i> includes plans to subvert the morals of the non-Jewish world, plans for Jewish bankers to control the world's economies, plans for Jewish control of the press, and - ultimately - plans for the destruction of civilization. The document consists of twenty-four "protocols"</span><span class="Apple-style-span">.</span></div>
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The text was translated into several languages and widely disseminated in the early part of the twentieth century. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> published the text in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i>, and it was widely distributed in the United States. In 1921, a series of articles printed in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> claimed the text as forged. The document <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion">'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' "הפרוטוקולים של זקני ציון"</a> </b>surfaced<b> </b>in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and was first published in 1903.<strong> <a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/05/the-protocols-of-elders-of-zion.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Keep reading >>>></a></strong></div>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2012/07/pawn-in-game.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><strong>Pawns in the Game </strong></span></a>
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<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Arab (dis) Unity</span></strong></a>
<a href="http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://freebookpark.blogspot.com/2015/04/arab-unity.html</a>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-44688607755392202902015-03-01T04:46:00.000-08:002015-05-04T10:18:01.852-07:00Age of Reason<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Theist, Deist, Atheist, Agnostic:</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>A theist</b> believes there is a God who made and governs all creation; but does not believe in the doctrine of the Trinity, nor in a divine revelation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>A deist </b>believes there is a God who created all things, but does not believe in His superintendence and government. He thinks the Creator implanted in all things certain immutable laws, called the Laws of Nature, which act per se, as a watch acts without the supervision of its maker. Like the theist, he does not believe in the doctrine of the Trinity, nor in a divine revelation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The atheist</b> disbelieves even the existence of a God. He thinks matter is eternal, and what we call “creation” is the result of natural laws.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The agnostic</b> believes only what is knowable. He rejects revelation and the doctrine of the Trinity as “past human understanding.” He is neither theist, deist, nor atheist, as all these are past understanding.</span><br />
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The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a deistic pamphlet, written by eighteenth-century British radical and American revolutionary Thomas Paine, that criticizes institutionalized religion and challenges the legitimacy of the Bible, the central sacred text of Christianity. Published in three parts in 1794, 1795, and 1807, it was a bestseller in the United States, where it caused a short-lived deistic revival. British audiences, however, fearing increased political radicalism as a result of the French Revolution, received it with more hostility. The Age of Reason presents common deistic arguments; for example, it highlights what Paine saw as corruption of the Christian Church and criticizes its efforts to acquire political power.<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" target="_blank">Thomas Paine</a> (1737-1809) -- writer and revolutionary -- best known for his writings supporting American independence, was indicted for treason in England in 1792 for his work The Rights of Man, defending the French Revolution. More than one English publisher was also prosecuted for printing The Age of Reason, where Paine argues for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" target="_blank">Deism</a> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">[<i>Deism; combines a rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe</i>]</span> and against Christianity and Atheism.<br />
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Thomas Paine wrote the populist pamphlet, Common Sense, a clarion call for American independence and democracy. Driven by desire for freedom and justice, Paine's thinking reflected French and English writers like Rousseau, Burke, Locke, others in the "philosophy" movement, today called The Enlightenment.<br />
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In defense of the French Revolution and as a response to Burke, who had promptly condemned the French rebellion, Paine wrote and published The Right of Man, part I appeared in early 1791, part II in February 1792.<br />
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Guided by his ideals more than the facts of "Madame Guillotine" and "The Terror" under Robspierre, Paine declared that governments exist to guard the natural rights of the individuals unable to ensure their rights without government's help. Four key rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. In Part I, he argued for a republic governed under a constitution with a bill of rights, elected leaders serving limited terms, and a judiciary accountable to the general public. He called for equal suffrage for all men, (a true fellow of his times, dear women, sorry) and the end of social divisions by virtue of birth or rank or economics or religion. In Part II, Paine suggested social legislation to remove class inequities.<br />
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Paine's fervent hope was that Rights of Man would inspire in England the same revolutionary thirst for independence from monarchy as Common Sense inspired in America. Instead, despite selling about 200,000 copies by 1793, the pamphlet was suppressed by the government of William Pitt, who was unable to get his hands on Paine (still a British citizen), since Paine was safe in France. Pitt had Paine tried in absentia before the loyalists, convicting Paine of treason. England outlawed its native son in December 1792.<br />
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Paine was intrigued by the philosophies, the French social thinkers and encyclopedia creators who upheld scientific reasoning over irrational religious dogma, who posited that the mind is great, capable of knowing anything in time with diligent research, who saw the cosmos as the creation of one rational God who set the universe in motion with natural laws at work, like winding the precision clockwork, then turning humanity loose to govern ourselves by becoming educated enough to exercise our free will with self restraint within democratic laws. These thinkers called themselves "deists." Defined by Websters as "One who believes in the existence of a God or supreme being but denies revealed religion, basing his belief on the light of nature and reason."<br />
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Paine completed and published his critique of religion, The Age of Reason, with Part I in 1794 and Part II in 1796. <b>"I believe in one God, and no more,"</b> he begins, <b>"and I hope for happiness beyond this life."</b><br />
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Paine was a deist, not an atheist.The Age of Reason profers his metaphysical beliefs. He saw God as first cause and designer of the universe. God is knowable through the sciences and mathematics, through use of reason and natural intelligence. (Experiencing God through his heart or transcendent spirit also concerned Paine, but as a man of the mind, certainty of God had to came through his brain.) Christians do not try to know God in a reasonable way, he wrote. They rely upon a Bible, riddled with inconsistencies, subject to interpretation, therefore fallible. He compared the mythology of the Trinity with the paternity of Zeus, still a provocative analogy. Having dispensed with Christianity, Paine spoke again about his deist God as the power and wisdom anyone can witness, evidenced "in the immensity of the creation, ...in the unchangeable order by which the incomprehensible is governed."<br />
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Thomas Paine died at age 70 in New York on 8 June 1809. He did not expect a Christian burial in sacred ground after The Age of Reason. So stories about deathbed repentance likely are propaganda. Paine was buried in a corner of his new Rochelle farm. A decade later in 1819, one of Paine's harshest critics during the Nineties, William Cobbett, apparently moved to atone for his attacks, had Paine's bones dug up and transported to England for re-burial under a patriotic monument Cobbett planned to build. Cobbett died in 1835 with the memorial never erected. His English probate court assigned the old bones to a receiver. The fate of Paine's mortal remains today remains a mystery.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The Age of Reason</span></b></div>
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<b>By Thomas Paine</b></div>
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<b>Table of Contents</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_1/chapter_1.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter I - The author's profession of faith</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_2/chapter_2.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter II - Of missions and revelations </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_3/chapter_3.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter III - Concerning the character of Jesus Christ, and his history </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_4/chapter_4.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter IV - Of the bases of Christianity</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_5/chapter_5.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter V - Examination in detail of the preceding bases </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_6/chapter_6.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter VI - Of the true theology</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_7/chapter_7.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter VII - Examination Of The Old Testament</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_8/chapter_8.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter VIII - Of the New Testament</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_9/chapter_9.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter IX - In what the true revelation consists </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_10/chapter_10.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter X - Concerning God, and the lights cast on his existence and attributes by the Bible</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_11/chapter_11.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter XI - Of the theology of the Christians; and the true theology </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_12/chapter_12.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter XII - The Effects Of Christianism On Education; Proposed Reforms</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_13/chapter_13.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter XIII - Comparison of Christianism with the religious ideas inspired by nature</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_14/chapter_14.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter XIV - System of the universe </a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_15/chapter_15.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter XV - Advantages of the existence of many worlds in each solar system</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_16/chapter_16.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter XVI - Applications of the preceding to the system of the Christians</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Chapter_17/chapter_17.html" style="color: #006699;">Chapter XVII - Of the means employed in all time, and almost universally, to deceive the peoples</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Recapitulation/recapitulation.html" style="color: #006699;">Recapitulation</a></div>
</div>
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Source: <span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Table_of_Contents/table_of_contents.html" target="_blank">http://www.ghazali.net/book9/Table_of_Contents/table_of_contents.html</a></span><br />
<b>Download as book</b>:<br />
Pdf: <a href="http://www.deism.com/images/theageofreason1794.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.deism.com/images/theageofreason1794.pdf</a><br />
Other formats: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3743" target="_blank">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3743</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rt6fzekd3Ks" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #e06666;">Philosophy in the Age of Reason - YouTube</span></a></h3>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Mr. Pahl talks to his World History students at Bartlett High School about philosophy in the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Age of Reason</span>, the ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycgkogD7Jw4" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">THE AGE OF REASON by Thomas Paine - FULL Audio ...</span></a></h3>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">THE <span style="font-weight: bold;">AGE OF REASON</span> by Thomas Paine - FULL Audio Book | Greatest Audio Books - The<span style="font-weight: bold;">Age of Reason</span> ...</span></div>
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<b style="color: #14181a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><a href="http://www.holybooks.com/critique-of-judgement-critique-of-pure-reason-by-emmanuel-kant/" rel="bookmark" style="color: #14181a; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;">CRITIQUE OF JUDGEMENT & CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON BY EMMANUEL KANT</a></b></div>
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<em><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Critique of Judgement & Critique of Pure Reason</span></em><span style="font-size: x-small;"> are two major works by Emmanuel Kant. Kant 1724 -1804 was a German philosopher who publishes a number of works on <a href="http://www.holybooks.com/on-the-genealogy-of-morality-by-friedrich-nietzsche/" style="color: #886353; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="On the Genealogy of Morality by Friedrich Nietzsche">ethics</a>, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. Kant’s Magnus Opus is the <a href="http://www.holybooks.com/critique-of-pure-reason-by-immanuel-kant/" style="color: #886353; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant">Critique of Pure Reason</a> (originally written in German with the title: <em>Kritik der reinen Vernunft</em> from 1781), aimed to unite European thinking with experience to move beyond what he understood as failures of traditional philosophy and <a href="http://http//www.holybooks.com/wp-admin/post-new.php#" style="color: #886353; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">metaphysics</a>. He set out to end an age of speculation where objects outside experience were used to support what he saw as futile theories, while opposing the skepticism of thinkers such as <a href="http://www.holybooks.com/human-all-too-human-nietzsche-ebook/" style="color: #886353; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Human, All Too Human – A Book for Free Spirits – Nietzsche">Descartes</a>, Berkeley and Hume. Download the Public Domain versions of his works here as PDF ebooks (890 and 480 pages)</span><span style="font-size: 11px;">:</span></span></em></div>
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<li style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://holybooks.lichtenbergpress.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/Kants-Critique-of-Pure-Reason.pdf?a20918" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Kants Critique of Pure Reason">Kants Critique of Pure Reason</a>: </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4280" target="_blank">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4280</a></span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://holybooks.lichtenbergpress.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/Kants-Critique-of-Judgement.pdf?a20918" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Kants Critique of Judgement">Kants Critique of Judgement</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48433" target="_blank">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48433</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">A Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of Pure Reason' by Norman Kemp Smith: <span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43572" target="_blank">http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43572</a></span></span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Asghar Ali Engineer is a rights activist and heads the two organisations, Institute of Islamic Studies and Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. He has authored or edited 44 books on such issues as Islam and communal and ethnic problems in India and South Asia in general. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Some of his work is available at </span><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss.htm" target="_blank">http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss.htm</a><br />
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<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss09.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">KOSOVO AND NATO BOMBING</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss10.htm" style="background-color: white;">DEMOCRACY AND ITS PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss11.htm" style="background-color: white;">RECONSTRUCTION OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss12.htm" style="background-color: white;">DEMEANING SECULARISM</a></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss17.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MEDIA AND MINORITIES</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss18.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MINORITIESAND KARGIL CONFLICT</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss19.htm" style="background-color: white;">ISLAM AND PLURALISM </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss20.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MEDIA AND MINORITIES</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss21.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">PAKISTAN, JIHAD AND ETHNICITY</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss22.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE MINORITIES AND THE COMING ELECTIONS</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss23.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ON METHODOLOGY OF UNDERSTANDING QUR'AN </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> <a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss24.htm">ISLAMIC ETHIC </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss25.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">COMMUNALISM AND COMMUNAL VIOLENCE--1999 </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss26.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE PAKISTANI TEXT BOOKS AND HATRED AGAINST INDIA </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss27.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE BJP AND ITS ROOTS IN GUJRAT </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss28.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">SIGHTING OF MOON AND PROBLEMS OF MUSLIM CALENDAR </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss29.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">NATION-BUILDING IN SOUTH ASIA -- PAKISTAN </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss30.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">VIOLENCE IN KASHMIR AND DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss31.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">IRAN BETWEEN LIBERALISM AND ORTHODOXY </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss32.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MEANING OF ISLAMIC WORSHIP</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss33.htm" style="background-color: white;">NATION STATE AND IDENTITY POLITICS</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss34.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE BJP AND ITS TWENTY YEARS</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss35.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">HUMANKIND'S RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURE</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss36.htm" style="background-color: white;">MUSLIMS, MODERNITY AND CHANGE</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss37.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MUHAMMAD (PBUH) AS LIBERATOR</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss38.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">KASHMIR -- CAN AUTONOMY BE A SOLUTION?</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss39.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MUSLIM WOMEN'S MAINTENANCE - SOME NEW JUDGEMENTS</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss40.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">WOMEN AND PERSONAL LAW IN IRAN</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss41.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE BJP AND THE MUSLIM FACTOR</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss42.htm" style="background-color: white;">ISLAM AND SECULARISM</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss43.htm" style="background-color: white;">ISLAM AND MUSLIMS IN INDIA- PROBLEMS OF IDENTITY AND EXISTENCEN</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss44.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">KASHMIR IS PEACE POSSIBLE?</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss45.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">COMMUNAL RIOTS � 2000</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss46.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">TVAJPAYEE'S STATEMENTS AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss47.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">TRAGEDY OF KERBALA AND IMPORTANCE OF MARTYRDOMSS</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss48.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE RSS AN EVALUATION FROM THE MINORITY PERSPECTIVE</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss49.htm" style="background-color: white;">ISLAM AND MUSLIMS IN INDIA- PROBLEMS OF IDENTITY AND EXISTENCE</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss50.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ON ABSENCE OF DEMOCRACY IN MUSLIM WORLD</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss51.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">KANPUR RIOTS A WAKE UP CALL</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss52.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ON METHODOLOGY OF UNDERSTANDING QURAN</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss53.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MUSLIM MIDDLE CLASS AND ITS ROLE</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss54.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MUSLIM WOMEN AND FAR REACHING CHANGES IN BANGLADESH</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss55.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">INDONESIA A COUNTRY IN TURMOIL</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss56.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">CAN VEIL BE ENFORCED?</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss57.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ATTACK ON WORLD TRADE CENTRE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss58.htm" style="background-color: white;">ON DEVELOPING THEOLOGY OF PEACE IN ISLAM</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss59.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MINGLING OF THE TWO OCEANS- HINDUISM AND ISLAM</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss60.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">CLASH OF TERRORS?</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss61.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">PLURALITY OR POLARITY?</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss62.htm" style="background-color: white;">ON THE CONCEPT OF COMPASSION IN ISLAM</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss63.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MALEGAON RIOTS � A New Era of Violence?</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss64.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">IS CONFEDERATION IN SOUTH ASIA POSSIBLE?</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss65.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">A BRIEF SURVEY OF COMMUNAL SITUATION IN THE POST BABRI- DEMOLITION PERIOD</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss66.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ON THE MULTILAYERED CONCEPT OF JIHAD</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss67.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">COMMUNAL RIOTS � 2001</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss68.htm" style="background-color: white;">ISLAMIC WORLD AND CRISIS OF MODERNISM </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss69.htm" style="background-color: white;">A NEW APPROACH FOR ISLAMIC WORLD NEEDED</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss70.htm" style="background-color: white;">THE POLITICAL UNIVERSE OF ISLAM</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss71.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">DEFEAT OF BJP IS DEFEAT OF COMMUNALISM</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss72.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ON SUFI APPROACH TO ISLAM</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss73.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">BJP'S RIOT - FREE INDIA</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss75.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MINORITIES CANNOT BE AT THE MERCY OF RSS</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss76.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE TRAGEDY OF KARBALA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss77.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">GUJRAT AN AREA OF DARKNESS</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss78.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ALL IS NOT LOST IN GUJRAT</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss79.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">MYTHS ABOUT MUSLIMS AND THE GUJRAT CARNAGE</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss80.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">DA'WAH OR DIALOGUE </a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss81.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ROLE OF POLICE IN GUJRAT CARNAGE</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss82.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">COMMUNAL VIOLENCE AND ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss83.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ISLAM</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss84.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">BOMBAY HIGH COURT JUDGEMENT A LANDMARK JUDGEMENT ON TALAQ </a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss85.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">NO ELECTION IN GUJRAT FOR NOW PLEASE</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss86.htm" style="background-color: white;">ISLAM, GLOBALISATION AND FUNDAMENTALISMS</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss87.htm" style="background-color: white;">ROLE OF RELIGION IN SECULAR SOCIETY</a><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss87.htm" style="background-color: yellow;"> </a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss88.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">POLITICS, VALUE-ORIENTED, NOT POWER-ORIENTED</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss89.htm" style="background-color: white;">INTELLECTUAL APPROACH TO ISLAM </a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr valign="TOP"><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss90.htm" style="background-color: white;">ISLAM AND THE CONCEPT OF KAFIR</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss91.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ON ROOTS OF COMMUNAL VIOLENCE</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss92.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">A NEW BEGINNING IN KASHMIR</a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss93.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">RECENT RIOTS IN MAHARASHTRA</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss94.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ISLAM AND NATIONALISM</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss95.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE BJP AND GUJRAT ELECTIONS </a></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss96.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">TRUTH ABOUT GUJRAT CARNAGE -CONCERNED CITIZENS, TRIBUNALS REPORT ON GUJRAT</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss97.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">SHARI'AH PUNISHMENTS (HUDUD LAWS) AND NATION-STATES</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss98.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">THE BJP SWEEP IN GUJARAT- A MOMENT OF REFLECTION FOR IND</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss99.htm" style="background-color: white;">FUNDAMENTALISM AND TERRORISM</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss100.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">RELIGION AND ECONOMIC JUSTICE</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss101.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">AMBEDKAR, MUSLIMS AND PARTITION</a></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss114.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">UNIFORM CIVIL CODE OR LEGAL PLURALISM</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss115.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">FUTURE OF SECULARUSM IN INDIA</a></span></span></td><td valign="TOP"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://ecumene.org/IIS/csss116.htm" style="background-color: yellow;">ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AND T</a></span></span></td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780161731081449516.post-68492864824678038982014-11-07T10:32:00.002-08:002014-11-07T11:03:19.787-08:00History of Indian Civilization<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 15.600000381469727px; text-align: start;">A set of some 26 lectures, each around 45-50 minutes in length, on the history of Indian civilization from antiquity to 1947, originally delivered by Vinay Lal as an undergraduate course at UCLA in Winter 2012.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinay_Lal" target="_blank">Vinay Lal</a></b> is associate professor of history at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> [</span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">University of California, Los Angeles</span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;">]</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;">. He writes widely on the history and culture of colonial and modern India, popular and public culture in India (especially cinema), historiography, the politics of world history, the</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Person_of_Indian_Origin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin">Indian diaspora</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;">, global politics, contemporary American politics, the life and thought of</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px; text-decoration: none;" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;">,</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px; text-decoration: none;" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.9200000762939px;">, and the politics of knowledge systems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lal was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> in 1961 and grew up in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, Tokyo, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, and Washington, D.C. He spent four years in Tokyo, 1965–69, but has almost no memory of those years; and it is not until 1987 that he returned to Japan for a short visit, followed by a lengthier stay of four months in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> in 1999 when he was a Fellow of the Japan Society for the</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px;"> Promotion of Science at the National Museum of Ethnology (Minpaku)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15.600000381469727px; text-align: start;">The full syllabus for this course can be accessed by going to "Course Syllabi" on this page:</span><br />
<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/MAIN/research.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #167ac6; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15.600000381469727px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/MAIN/research.html">http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/MAIN/research.htm</a><br />
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<a href="http://vimeo.com/39338946">Vinay Lal Lecture</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/rensoc">The Renaissance Society</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a>.</div>
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Lal is a professor of History at University of California, Los Angeles. He writes on a wide variety of subjects for periodicals in the U.S., India and Britain. Some of his recent essays have been collected in The Poetics and Politics of Dissent: Essays on Indian History and Culture. Other publications include Empire of Knowledge: Culture and Plurality in a New Global Economy and the forthcoming History of History: The Career and Politics of a Form of Knowledge in Modern India. His talk will focus on the context and latent politicization of Gandhi's death.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Political Cultural History of Contemporary India,South Asia:</span></b></div>
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This is a set of twenty lectures on the political and cultural history of contemporary India (and South Asia more broadly, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and India's neighbors) by Professor Vinay Lal. These lectures constitute an upper-division undergraduate lecture course under nearly the same title at UCLA, taught in the spring of 2009. The course spans the history of India since the achievement of independence in 1947, and it begins with a brief survey of the last years of British rule in India, the attainment of independence and the partition of India, and the assassination of Gandhi on 30 January 1948. This is not intended as a straightforward or traditional lecture course on the political history of India since 1947, though, as expected, we discuss the advent of electoral democracy, pivotal developments such as the integration of the Indian states, the dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, the creation of Bangladesh, the Sikh secessionist movement, the advent of neo-liberalization policies, and so on. But this course is also attentive to such considerations as the place of women in the pubic sphere, the women's movement in India, public and popular culture, popular Indian cinema (with a detailed analysis of the 1975 film, "Deewaar"), the rise of lower castes, and aspects of the rise of electoral democracy. All lectures are approximately 75 minutes in length; there are no power-point presentations.</div>
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The full syllabus for this course can be accessed by going to "Course Syllabi" on this page:<br />
<a href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/MAIN/research.html" target="_blank">http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/MAIN/research.html</a> </div>
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<a href="http://vinaylal.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">http://vinaylal.wordpress.com</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/dillichalo" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Vinay Lal - YouTube</a>: <span style="color: #006621; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">www.youtube.com/user/dillichalo</span></h3>
The Strange & Beguiling Relationship of Pakistan & India: <a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/13.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/13.pdf</a><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://vinaylal.wordpress.com/2010/12/13/thesis-three-postcolonialism%e2%80%99s-critique-of-the-nation-state-remains-inadequate/" rel="bookmark" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Postcolonialism’s critique of the nation-state remains inadequate</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://search.freefind.com/find.html?pageid=r&id=46261627&query=History+of+Indian+Civilization&ics=1&fr=10" target="_blank">More on Indian History >>>>></a></div>
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<span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/3.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/3.pdf</a><br />players, are shut out from <b>civil</b> society, or ... and socio-cultural <b>histories</b>. Most middle-class <b>Indians</b>, whose favorite overseas ... <b>of</b> the diasporic <b>Indian</b> has been shaped<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/3.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(Gandhi)/soc5.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(Gandhi)/soc5.pdf</a><br />Coomaraswamy and many others steeped in the <b>history</b> <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> spiritual ... institutions <b>of</b> <b>civil</b> society, remains ... in<b>history</b>, the <b>history</b> <b>of</b> the movement for <b>Indian</b> independence<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(Gandhi)/soc5.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(Gandhi)/citiz6.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(Gandhi)/citiz6.pdf</a><br /><b>Indian</b> independence and <b>history</b>’s most creative ... economic self-reliance. The <b>history</b> <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> journalism, for example, would ... idea <b>of</b> a good <b>civil</b> society. Several years ago<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(Gandhi)/citiz6.pdf</span></small></span></div>
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<span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;"><small><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/9.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/9.pdf</a><br />Sources <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> <b>Civilization</b>, ed. Ainslie Embree, 2 ... <b>of</b> law’? Moreover, if <b>Indians</b> had known no system ... particularly "in the domain <b>of</b> <b>history</b> and economics". For example, the<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/9.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/8.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">doi:10.1080/00313220500106451</a><br />Europe as the epicentre <b>of</b> <b>history</b> and to categories of ... mind. I mused <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> freedom and Asiatic freedom ... proconsuls <b>of</b> empire, to <b>civilization</b>: ‘Today, Kitchener is not<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/8.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/2.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/2.pdf</a><br /><b>Indian</b> <b>history</b> on a substantially ... <b>of</b> North India’, <b>Indian</b> Economic and Social <b>History</b> Review (henceforth I ... gradual encroachment <b>of</b> industrial <b>civilization</b> upon the beloved English<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/2.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/dwelling3.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/dwelling3.pdf</a><br />Over the course of the last two decades, the study <b>of</b> <b>history</b> has been ... the feminine) with <b>history</b> (the <b>civilized</b>, the masculine). No ... Essays on <b>Indian</b> <b>History</b> and Culture<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/dwelling3.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/13.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/13.pdf</a><br />Oxford, 2006) and The Other <b>Indians</b>: A Political and Cultural <b>History</b> <b>of</b> ... other <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> <b>civilization</b>, as an ... <b>of</b> Islamic<b>history</b> and culture in the <b>Indian</b> subcontinent. Whatever<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/13.pdf</span></small></span></small></span></div>
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<span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal;"><small><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/19.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/19.pdf</a><br />THE SECURITY FANTASIES <b>OF</b> THE <b>INDIAN</b> NATION-STATE: BLACK ... repression, curtailment <b>of</b> <b>civil</b> liberties, and the ... date, and commensurably the <b>history</b> <b>of</b> security measures for<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/19.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(GP)/bamiyan3.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(GP)/bamiyan3.pdf</a><br />There is no monument <b>of</b> <b>civilization</b> that is not ... so palpably demonstrates. What <b>histories</b>, counter-<b>histories</b>, and myths can we ... political reading. Had the <b>Indian</b> media, for instance,<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(GP)/bamiyan3.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/14.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/14.pdf</a><br />India can then reasonably be viewed as the cradle <b>of</b> human <b>civilization</b> [6]. As ... the philosopher <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> materialism, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya ... in the <b>history</b> <b>of</b> Nazism.<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/14.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/15.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/15.pdf</a><br />India, not least of which is a tradition of political documentaries.1 The <b>Indian</b> independence ... While the <b>history</b> <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b>documentary film ... institutions <b>of</b> <b>civil</b> society are<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/15.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/12.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/RP/12.pdf</a><br />Europeans more receptive to divergent <b>histories</b> <b>of</b> their past. Even ... blues, rap, and hip-hop. <b>Indian</b> studies, in comparison to studies ... Idea <b>of</b> a Good <b>Civil</b> Society, Mohan Singh Mehta<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/RP/12.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/adv6.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/adv6.pdf</a><br />VI (with slight abridgements).] In the long <b>history</b> <b>of</b> India as a <b>civilization</b>, the honor ... test. The <b>history</b> <b>of</b> any<b>civilization</b> can be ... genius <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> <b>civilization</b>, and her<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/adv6.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/book8.html" style="font-size: 12pt;">The <b>History</b> <b>of</b> <b>History</b></a><br /><b>Indian</b> <b>history</b> as a discipline, this ... explores the politics <b>of</b> <b>history</b>-writing in modern India ... narrativizes the engagement<b>of</b> a <b>civilization</b> with the historical sensibility and<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/book8.html</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/burden2.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/burden2.pdf</a><br />Livingstone called the “oxyhydrogen light <b>of</b> <b>civilization</b>” (p. 31, 54). ... Social Life <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> Photographs. In one ... in the construction <b>of</b> <b>history</b> and memory. Camera Indica<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/burden2.pdf</span></small> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></span><span class="search-results" style="font-family: arial,verdana,geneva,lucida; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/empi11.pdf" style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/empi11.pdf</a><br />More than most episodes <b>of</b> <b>Indian</b> <b>history</b>, the <b>Indian</b> Rebellion <b>of</b> ... and partial <b>history</b> <b>of</b> the <b>Indian</b> Rebellion that ... in the <b>civilizing</b> mission. Many <b>Indian</b> readers, in<br /><small><span style="color: green; font-size: 9pt;">www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(IPH)/empi11.pdf</span></small></span></small></span></div>
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